> 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

Biology  Library 

BEQUEST  OF 

Theodore   S.    Palmer 


^L/  , 


TWENTY-FIRST 

ANNUAL  REPORT. 


To  his  Excellency  the  Governor,  Chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Agriculture* 

&   &   &   &   ^ 

In  compliance   with   Section   247,  Chapter  2J,  of  the 

General  Laws  of  Vermont,  I  have  the  honor 

to  submit  herewith  the  Annual  Report 

of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  for 

the  year  ending  June 

30th,  J90U 


C  J.  BELL,  Secretary, 


DOCUMENTS  DEPARTMENT 

APR  26  1833 


LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  Of  <*A 


WYNKOOP  HALLENBECK  CEAWFORD  Co.,  PKINTERS, 

NEW  YORK  AND  ALBANY. 

1901. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


AN  ACT  IN  RELATION  TO  THE  VERMONT  DAIRYMEN'S  ASSOCIA- 
TION. 

AN  ACT  IN  RELATION  TO  THE  PRESERVATION  OF  CATTLE  AND 
SHEEP. 

AN  ACT  IN  RELATION  TO  THE  MANUFACTURE  AND  SALE  OF  PRO- 
VISIONS. 

AN   ACT   IN   RELATION   TO    OFFENCES    AGAINST   THE  ,  PUBLIC 
HEALTH. 

AN  ACT  IN  RELATION  TO  THE  STATE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE. 
AN  ACT  IN  RELATION  TO  COMMERCIAL  FERTILIZERS. 

AN   ACT  FOR  THE  PROTECTION  OF   DAIRYMEN,    RELATING  TO 
TESTING  MILK  AND  CREAM. 

AN  ACT  IN  RELATION  TO  CREAMERIES  AND  CHEESE  FACTORIES 
AND  THE  MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  SAME. 

AN  ACT  TO  REGULATE  THE  SALE  OF  CONCENTRATED  COMMER- 
CIAL FEEDING  STUFFS. 

AN  ACT  TO  PREVENT  FRAUD  IN  THE  SALE  OF  GARDEN  SEEDS. 
REPORT  OF  SECRETARY  OF  BOARD. 
AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETIES  AND  ORGANIZATIONS. 
VARIOUS  PAPERS,  DISCUSSIONS  AND  ADDRESSES. 
REPORT  OF  BOARD  ACTING  AS  CATTLE  COMMISSIONERS. 


MEMBERS 

OF  THE 

STATE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


His  EXCELLENCY,  WILLIAM  W.  STICKNEY,  Ludlow,  Chair- 
man. 

MATTHEW  H.  BUCKHAM,  President  University  of  Ver- 
mont and  State  Agricultural  College,  Burlington. 
C..  J.  BELL,  Walden,  P.  O.,  East  Hardwick,  Secretary. 
ERNEST  HITCHCOCK,  Pittsford. 
GEORGE  AITKEN,  Woodstock. 


J 


A  PRELIMINARY  LIST 


OF  THE 


BIRDS  FOUND  IN  VERMONT. 


BY 

GEORGE  H. .PERKINS,  Ph.  D., 

Professor  of  Natural  History,  University  of  Vermont* 
ASSISTED  BY 

CLIFTON  D.  HOWE,  BL  S,, 

Assistant  in  Biology,  University  of  Vermont. 


DOCUMENTS  DEPARTMENT 

APR  2G  t955 

LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


il*    A' 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  following  list  of  birds  includes  all  species  which  have 
been  taken  in  the  State.  A  very  few  of  the  species  given  are  no 
longer  found  in  Vermont. 

A  larger  number  have  been  found  only  occasionally,  and  some 
may  never  appear  again.  The  larger  part,  however,  of  those 
listed  are  usually  found  within  the  boundaries  of  our  State,  and 
it  is  very  probable  that  more  extended  study  of  our  bird  fauna 
will  add  a  not  inconsiderable  list  to  that  here  given.  This  is 
probably  most  true  of  the  water  birds,  for  it  has  been  difficult  to 
obtain  information  as  to  these. 

One  of  the  main  objects  in  publishing  this  list  which  the 
authors  wish  regarded  as  in  no  sense  final,  but  only  provisional, 
is  that  fuller  information  as  to  our  resident  and  migratory  birds 
may  be  gained.  On  this  account  additions,  corrections  and  facts 
concerning  our  birds  are  greatly  desired.  As  to  the  present  list 
all  that  we  or  any  one  can  say  of  it  is  that  it  is  as  complete  as  it 
is  possible  to  make  it  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  of  the 
birds  of  Yermont. 

Before  anything  like  a  complete  and  final  list  can  be  prepared 
much  field  work  must  be  done. 

While  it  is  not  impossible  that  errors  have  crept  into  the  list, 
the  authors  have  intended  to  make  it  as  accurate  and  trustworthy 
as  possible.  Yery  few  species  have  been  included  which  have 
not  been  actually  seen  by  the  authors  or  examined  by  some 
competent  authority.  Species  which  are  known  in  the  State 
only  as  they  have  been  seen  during  flight  or  at  rest,  but  have 
not  been  taken,  are  not  included. 

Most  of  the  species  given  in  the  list  are  represented  in  our 
museums— that  of  the  State  at  Montpelier,  that  of  the  University 
at  Burlington  and  the  Fairbanks  Museum  at  St.  Johnsbury.  The 
notes  given  after  each  species  sufficiently  show  the  authority  upon 
which  it  is  included  if  it  is  likely  to  be  considered  doubtful. 

So  far  as  possible,  the  assistance  of  students  of  ornithology 
residing  in  the  State  has  been  sought  and  it  has  been  in  all  cases 
most  cordially  given.  We  are  under  especial  obligation  to  tlm 
following :  Mr.  W.  E.  Balch  of  Lunenburg,  who  for  years  has. 
studied  the  birds  of  his  vicinity,  has  furnished  a  complete  list 
of  the  species  observed  by  him.  Of  this  he  says:  "What  I  have- 
listed  I  know  have  been  taken  in  the  State  and  some  of  the  rarest 
I  have  shot  myself."  Miss  Mary  E.  Ide  of  the  Fairbanks  Museum 

965 


88  VERMONT    AGRICULTURAL    REPORT. 

has  sent  several  lists  of  Vermont  birds.  One  of  these  includes 
the  birds  taken  within  five  miles  of  St.  Johnsbury.  Another 
gives  the  Vermont  birds  now  in  the  collection  in  the  museum. 
Mr.  W.  P.  Conger  of  Burlington,  who  has  shot  and  mounted 
birds  for  many  years,  has  added  much  to  our  knowledge  of  water 
birds.  Mr.  0.  H.  Ewing  of  Townshend,  has  furnished  notes 
upon  the  birds  of  Windham  county,  and  Mr.  G.  H.  Ross  of  Rut- 
land, has  done  the  same  for  Rutland  county.  Prof.  W.  W.  Eaton 
of  Middlebury,  has  added  several  species  found  by  him  in  that 
locality,  and  also  sends  a  number  of  species  found  by  Prof.  A.  D. 
Mead  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  formerly  of  Middlebury.  Mr.  C.  H. 
Horton  of  St.  Johnsbury,  has  sent  a  list  of  the  birds  of  that 
region.  Mr.  S.  B.  Ham  of  Johnson  has  added  several  species. 
Numerous  suggestions  and  facts  have  been  gained  from  a  series 
of  articles  published  in  the  Burlington  Free  Press  in  1883,  by 
Prof.  F.  H.  Herrick  of  Adelbert  College,  then  a  resident  of  Bur- 
lington. In  the  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  for 
1883-84-,  there  is  a  list  of  the  birds  of  Vermont  by  Dr.  H.  A. 
Cutting,  which  has  been  freely  consulted.  By  far  the  most  val- 
uable catalogue  of  Vermont  birds  is  that  which  constitutes  chap- 
ter III  of  Thompson's  Vermont*  part  first.  This  was  published 
in  1842  and  was  supplemented  by  an  appendix  published  in  1853. 
This  is  by  no  means  a  mere  list,  but  is  really  an  elementary  work 
on  ornithology,  illustrated  by  very  good  figures  of  many  of  the 
species  named. 

In  many  a  family  in  the  State  this  work  of  Prof.  Thompson  has 
been  the  only  natural  history  available,  and  often  it  has  received 
most  diligent  study.  The  list  of  birds  given  in  the  "  List  of 
Vertebrates,"  in  Prof.  H.  G.  Jesup's  Flora  and  Fauna  of  Han- 
over, N.  H.,  has  been  very  helpful.  This  list  appears  to  have 
been  prepared  by  Prof.  T.  W.  D.  Worthen. 

The  most  recent  list  of  Vermont  birds  is  that  of  the  Birds  of 
Brattleboro^  compiled  by  the  secretary  of  the  Brattleboro  Bird 
Club,  Miss  Annie  L.  Grout,  from  material  furnished  by  several 
members  of  the  club. 

This  list  was  published  in  the  Vermont  Phmnix  January  4, 
1901.  It  is  intended  to  include  the  names  of  all  birds  which  have 
been  identified  within  the  limits  of  the  town  of  Brattleboro  and 
the  sections  of  the  Connecticut  river  and  of  Mt.  Wantastiquet 
which  lie  opposite  the  town. 

From  Mr.  L.  C.  Clark,  who  has  a  large  preserve  on  the  Missi- 
quoi  river,  and  who  has  hunted  and  studied,  especially  the  water 
birds,  for  a  considerable  number  of  years,  we  have  received 
valuable  aid  in  the  preparation  of  that  part  of  this  list  which  in- 
cludes those  birds  in  which  he  is  most  interested. 

To  Mr.  Clark  and  Mr.  Conger  we  are  indebted  for  important 
additions  to  the  list  of  ducks,  and  for  notes  as  to  the  comparative 
abundance  or  scarcity  of  the  different  species. 


VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL   REPORT.  89 

Such  are  the  materials,  together  with  the  notes  of  the  authors, 
from  which  the  following  catalogue  has  been  compiled.  As  has 
been  already  intimated,  it  is  the  hope  of  the  authors  that  it  may 
in  the  not  too  distant  future  be  followed  by  a  more  complete  list. 
Now  that  an  ornithological  club  has  been  organized  in  our  State, 
the  avowed  object  of  which  is  the  study  of  the  bird  life  of  the 
State,  and  the  protection  of  all  useful  species,  it  is  surely  not  too 
much  to  expect  that  the  next  few  years  will  add  far  more  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  feathered  inhabitants  of  this  region  than  has 
come  to  us  from  a  much  longer  period  in  the  past. 

The  Yermont  Ornithological  Club  is  organized  not  only  for 
the  study,  but  also  for  the  protection  of  birds.  This  latter  is  a 
more  important  matter  than  is  always  realized.  Everyone  knows 
that  birds,  many  of  them  at  least,  eat  a  great  number  of  insects. 
Everyone  knows  that  there  are  a  great  many  insects  which,  if  not 
themselves  eaten,  are  sure  to  eat  a  great  deal  of  valuable  vegeta- 
tion. But  everyone  does  not  connect  these  two  important  facts. 
Very  few,  it  is  to  be  feared,  appreciate  how  universally  it  is  true 
that  birds  are  important  allies  upon  which  the  agriculturist 
must  depend  in  his  constant  warfare  against  his  insect  foes. 

Leaving  aside  the  water  birds  as  on  the  whole  neither  helpful 
nor  otherwise,  and  the  larger  birds  of  prey,  it  may  be  safely  as- 
serted that  very  few  of  the  birds  mentioned  in  the  following  list 
are  not  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  useful  insect  destroyers.  Some 
also  attack  fruit  or  other  vegetation,  but  even  these,  of  which  the 
common  Robin  may  be  taken  as  a  type,  do  far  more  good  than 
harm.  I  have  no  doubt  that  during  the  recent  years  when  the 
forest  caterpillar  was  devastating  our  maple  and  other  trees  the 
birds  were  an  important  ally  in  the  destruction  of  these  pests. 
Many  birds,  as  Chickadees,  Nuthatches,  Chipping  Birds,  Orioles, 
Yireos,  Cedar  Birds  and  a  number  of  other  species,  were  known 
to  eat  the  caterpillars.  This  is  but  a  single  example  which  might 
be  many  times  duplicated.  The  more  carefully  birds  are  studied, 
and  by  this  means  their  real  habits  more  fully  and  accurately 
understood,  the  more  useful  they  are  found  to  be. 

Even  such  generally  disliked  birds  as  the  Crow  are  found,  as 
their  whole  life  is  known,  to  do  no  little  good,  and  while  in  this 
case  and  others  like  it  we  may  not  be  ready  to  assert  that  the 
popular  impression  is  wholly  erroneous,  yet  we  may  say  that  it  is 
certainly  not  wholly  correct.  It  is  undoubtedly  true  that  if  in 
any  locality  a  considerable  portion  of  the  commonly  resident 
birds  were  destroyed  or  driven  away  the  ravages  of  plant  eating 
insects  would  be  so  increased  as  to  be  quite  unendurable. 

The  nomenclature  used  by  the  American  Ornithologists  Union 
has  been  followed. 

The  fauna  of  Yermont  is  somewhat  mixed.  The  Canadian 
species  come  down  from  the  north  and  mingle  with  southern 
forms.  Characteristic  of  the  northern  fauna  are  the  Crossbills, 


90  VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL   REPORT. 

Winter  Wren,  Three-toed  Woodpeckers,  Pileated  Woodpecker, 
Junco,  Kinglets,  Hermit  Thrush,  and  others,  all  of  which  some- 
times nest  in  the  State.  That  they  reach  their  southern  limit  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  in  most  cases  they  do  not  nest,  but  only  occa- 
sionally. On  the  other  hand  the  southern  forms  are  represented 
by  the  Tanager,  Humming  Bird,  Rose-breasted  Grosbeak,  Indigo 
Bunting,  Pronotary  Warbler,  Blue-winged  Warbler,  and  others. 
Some  of  the  northern  species  are  here  only  as  migrants,  as  are 
some  of  the  southern  forms,  but  quite  a  number  of  both  nest  here 
more  or  less  regularly  and  it  is  certain  that  many  species  not  as 
yet  reported  as  nesting  in  the  State,  will  be  found  to  do  so  when 
their  habits  are  more  fully  known. 

SUMMARY   OF  THE   FOLLOWING    LIST, 

Whole  number  of  species  recorded,  261.  These  belong  to 
14  orders,  41  families,  154  genera.  Of  the  total  list,  19  may  be 
classed  as  permanent  residents,  130  as  migrants,  107  as  summer 
residents,  14  as  winter  visitors,  50  as  common,  213  uncommon. 
Of  the  water  birds,  divers,  ducks,  geese,  gulls,  etc.,  there  are  45; 
of  the  waders,  herons,  plover,  etc.,  38 ;  the  birds  of  prey  num- 
ber 28;  the  grouse  and  pigeons  5;  woodpeckers  and  allied 
families  15.  There  are  of  flycatchers  orioles,  tinches,  etc.,  56. 
Of  the  swallows,  vireos,  warblers,  etc.,  52.  Of  the  wrens  and 
thrushes  22. 


NOTE. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  in  preparing  this  list  to  bring  the 
nomenclature  to  the  latest  form  adopted  by  the  A.  O.  U.  Orni- 
thologists will  probably  consider  this  a  serious  defect,  but  it 
should  be  remembered  that  the  list  is  issued  not  for  the  profes- 
sional ornithologist.  It  is  primarily  designed  for  popular  use, 
and  the  names  given  as  being  those  found  in  Ridgeway  and  other 
accessible  manuals  have  been  used  for  that  reason,  as  later  names 
would  inevitably  puzzle  most  of  those  who  will  use  this  list. 


LIST  OF  BIRDS  FOUND  IN  VERMONT. 


CLASS  AVES.    BIRDS. 

ORDER    PYGOPODES.     DIVERS. 
FAMILY  PODICIPID^.    THE  GREBES. 
GENUS    COLYMBUS. 

C.  holboellii(RQin.).   Holboel's  Grebe.   Summer  migrant. 

Yery  rare  in  this  State.  The  only  authentic  specimen  was 
obtained  at  Middlebury  by  Prof.  A.  D.  Mead. 

0.  auritus  (Linn.).     Horned  Grebe. 

Middlebury,  Mead,  Alburgh,  Conger.  Summer  migrant.  Not 
common. 

GENUS  PODILYMBUS. 

P.  podiceps  (Linn.).     Pied-billed  Grebe. 

This  species  is  more  common  than  the  preceding,  though  not 
abundant.  Summer  resident. 

FAMILY  URINATORID^E. 
GENUS    URINATOR. 

U.  imber  (Gunn.).  Common  Loon.  Great  Northern  Diver. 

Found  sparingly  in  the  lakes  and  ponds  of  the  State.  Sum- 
mer resident. 

U.  lumme  (Gunn.).     Red-throated  Diver. 

This  species  is  much  less  common  than  the  preceding,  but 
specimens  are  sometimes  shot  in  Lake  Champlain.  Migrant. 

FAMILY  ALCID/E.     THE  AUKS. 
GENUS    URIA.     MDRRES.     GUILLEMOTS. 

U.  troile  (Linn.).     Murre. 
Yery  rare.     Summer  migrant. 

U.  lomvia  (Linn.).     Brunnich's  Murre. 

In  1899  this  species  was  common  both  about  Lake  Champlain 
and  inland.  One  sportsman  disgracefully  reported  that  he  killed 
eighty  in  a  single  afternoon  at  Shoreham-in-the-Lake.  The 
specimens  taken  were  very  lean,  as  if  half  starved.  So  far  as  is 


92  VERMONT    AGRICULTURAL    REPORT. 

known  these  birds  were  never  found  in  large  numbers  before, 
nor  have  they  appeared  since,  except  now  and  then  one.  Ordi- 
narily it  is  to  be  classed  as  a  not  common  summer  migrant. 

GENUS  ALLE. 
A.  alle  (Linn.).     Dovkie. 

Usually  this  bird  is  very  rare.  In  his  Catalogue,  mentioned  in 
the  introduction,  Dr.  Cutting  says:  "In  1874r,  after  a  severe 
easterly  storm  of  snow,  many  were  found  in  New  Hampshire 
and  Vermont  and  killed."  A  specimen  is  in  the  State  Cabinet. 

FAMILY  LARID^.    THE  GULLS. 
GENUS     LARUS. 

L.  glaucus  (Brunn.).     Glaucus  Gull.     Burgomaster  Gull. 

The  only  record  of  this  species  for  Vermont  is  Dr.  Cutting's 
statement  that  "  one  was  shot  on  Maidstone  meadows  by  Dr. 
Dodge."  Until  other  specimens  are  obtained  it  must  be  con- 
sidered as  a  doubtful  species. 

Z.  argentatus  smithsonianus  (Coues).  American  Herring 
Gull. 

This  Gull  is  not  uncommon  in  Lake  Cham  plain  and  it  nests  on 
some  of  the  islands,  notably  the  Four  Brothers,  opposite  Bur- 
lington. It  is  also  reported  from  St.  Johnsbury.  Summer 
resident. 

L.  atricilla  (Linn.).     Laughing  Gull. 

Not  common.     Summer  resident. 

Z.  philaddphia  (Ord.).     Bonaparte's  Gull. 
This  is  a  less  common  Gull  in  Lake  Champlain.     It  breeds 
on  the  Four  Brothers  and  probably  on  other  islands  in  the  Lake. 
Summer  resident. 

ORDER    TTJBINARES. 

FAMILY  PROCELLARIIDJE.    FULMARS. 

GENUS    OCEANODROMA. 

Oceanodroma  leucorhoa  (Vieill).  Stormy  Petrel.  Leach's 

Petrel. 

Mr.  Conger  reports  a  flock  of  this  species  in  Lake  Champlain 
a  few  years  ago,  but  I  have  no  knowledge  of  others. 

ORDER      STEGANOPODES. 

FAMILY    PHALACHROCORACID/E.      CORMORANTS. 

GENUS      PHALACROCORAX. 

P.  carbo  (Linn.).     Common  Cormorant. 
Not  common.     A  rare  visitor. 


VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL   REPORT.  93 


ORDER     ANSERES. 
FAMILY   ANATID^E. 

GENUS       MERGANSER. 

DUCKS. 

M.  americanus  (Cass.).      American  Merganser.     Shel- 
drake. 

Found  in  the  lakes  and  streams  all  over  the  State.     Usually  a 
summer  resident,  but  it  sometimes  remains  throughout  the  year. 

M.  serrator  (Linn.).     Bed-breasted  Merganser. 

This  species  is  very  rare,  but  has  been  taken  by  several  ob- 
servers. 

GENUS  LOPHODYTES. 

Z.  Gucullatus  (Linn.).     Hooded  Merganser. 
Rare  summer  resident. 

GENUS  ANAS. 

A.  loschas  (Linn.).     Mallard. 

This  is  one  of  the  less  common  ducks  in  and  about  Lake  Cham- 
plain.     Spring  and  fall  migrant. 

A.  obscura  (Gmel.).     Black  Duck.     Dusky  Duck. 
This  is  probably  our  most  abundant  species.     Summer  resident. 

A.  streptera  (Linn.).     Gad  wall. 
Otter  Creek.    F.  H.  Knowlton. 

A.  penelope  (Linn.).     Widgeon. 
Very  rarely  seen. 

A.  americana  (Gmel.).    Baldpate, 
Rare  migrant. 

A.  carolinensis  (Gmel.).     Green-winged  Teal. 
Summer  resident.     Rare. 

A.  discors  (Linn.).     Blue-winged  Teal. 

This  species  is  at  times  not  uncommon  about  Lake  Cham  plain. 
Summer  resident. 

GENUS  SPATULA. 

S.  clypeata  (Linn.).     Shoveller. 
Occurs  occasionally  in  Lake  Cham  plain.    Migrant. 

GENUS  DAFILA. 

D.  acuta  (Linn.).     Pintail. 
Not  common,  but  now  and  then  a  specimen  is  shot. 


94  VERMONT  AGRICULTURAL  REPORT. 

GENUS  AIX. 

A.  sponsa  (Linn.).     Wood  Duck.     Summer  Duck. 

Not  an  uncommon  species.  It  is  a  permanent  resident  and  is, 
as  Thompson  well  remarks,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  birds  found 
in  the  State.  It  is  also  one  of  the  very  few  water  birds  that  nest 
in  trees. 

GENUS  AYTHYA. 

A.  americana  (Eyt.).     Redhead. 
Found  in  Lake  Champlain,  sometimes  it  is  not  uncommon. 

A.  vallisneria  (Wils.).     Canvasback. 

Sometimes  taken  in  the  northern  part  of  Lake  Champlain,  but 
it  is  very  rare. 

A.   marila  nearctica  (Stein).     American  Scaup  Duck. 
Blue  bill. 

Not  uncommon  in  Lake  Champlain. 

A.  affinis  (Eyt.).    Lesser  Scaup  Duck.    Little  Blackhead. 
Otter  Creek,  F.  H.  Knowlton.     Lake  Champlain,  Conger. 

GENUS    GLAUCIONETTA. 

G.  clangula  americana  (Bon.).     Goldeneye. 
Common  in  Lake  Champlain,  also  Connecticut  river. 

G.  islandica  (Gmel.).     Barrows  Goldeneye. 

There  is  a  single  specimen  of  this  duck  in  the  Fairbanks 
Museum  which  was  found  in  Vermont. 

GENUS    CHARITONETTA. 

C.  albeola  (Linn.).     Bufflehead.      Butter-ball.     Dipper. 

Not  common,  but  now  and  then  a  specimen  is  shot  in  Lake 
Champlain,  or  near  it.  It  appears  only  in  winter  or  at  least  late 
fall.  Formerly  much  more  abundant. 

GENUS  CLANGULA. 

Clangula  hy emails  (Linn.).     Old  Squaw. 
Lake  Champlain.     Not  common.     Conger. 

GENUS  OIDEMIA. 

0.  americana  (S.  &  R.).     American  Scoter. 
Mr.  Horton  reports  this  duck  from  St.  Johnsbury. 


VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL   REPORT.  95 

0.  perspicillata  (Linn.).     Surf  Scoter. 
This  has  been  found  in  the  Connecticut  river  at  Bradford. 

0.  deglandi  (Bon.).     Whitewinged  Scoter. 
Otter  Creek,  Middlebury.     Mead. 

GENUS    ERISMATURA. 

K  rubida  (Wils.).     Ruddy  Duck. 

This  duck  is  usually  only  a  migrant,  but  it  is  reported  as  found 
with  young  in  Lake  Memphramagog. 

GENUS  NOMONYX. 
N.  dominions.    Masked  Duck.     San  Domingo  Duck. 

This  species  is  not  one  which  would  be  expected  in  this  region. 
We  have  not  seen  a  specimen,  but  both  Coues  and  Ridgway  re- 
port it  as  found  in  Lake  Champlain.  Accidental  in  the  United 
States.  The  only  known  instances  are  Lake  Champlain  and  Lake 
Koshkonong,  Wis. 

GENUS  CHEN. 

0.  hyperborea  (Pall.).     Lesser  Snow  Goose. 

This  is  a  rare  bird  in  this  region.  It  is,  however,  met  with 
occasionally.  It  has  been  taken  both  in  Lake  Champlain  and  in 
the  Connecticut  river. 

GENUS  ANSER. 

Anser  albifrons,  gambelli  (Hartt.).     American  White- 
fronted  Goose. 

Sometimes  this  bird  appears  in  considerable  flocks  in  Lake 
Champlain,  but  usually  not  common. 

GENUS  BRANTA. 

B*  canadensis  (Linn.).     Common  Wild  Goose.     Canada 
Goose. 

A  very  common  spring  and  fall  migrant. 

B.  bernicla  (Linn.).     Brant. 
A  rare  visitant.     Conger. 

Olor  columbianus  (Ord.).     Whistling  Swan. 

This  bird  is  very  uncommon.  Mr.  Conger,  however,  reports 
the  coming  of  a  flock  one  evening  to  the  Lake  near  Alburg  where 
they  remained  through  the  night. 


96  '  VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL   REPORT. 


ORDER    HERODIONES. 

FAMILY  PLATALEID^.     SPOONBILLS,  IBISES. 

GENUS    TANTALUS. 

T.  looulator  (Linn.).    Wood  Ibis. 

This  bird  appears  to  have  a  very  wide  range  over  the  United 
States,  but  has  not  been  reported  from  JSTew  England.  A  pair 
lived  for  several  weeks  a  few  miles  east  of  Burlington  and  one 
of  them  was  shot  and  is  now  in  the  collection  of  the  University. 

FAMILY     ARDEID^E.     HERONS,  BITTERN. 
GENUS      BOTAURUS. 

B.  lentiginosus  (Mont.).     American  Bittern. 

Not  uncommon  in  meadow  and  swampy  land,  where  it  nests. 
Summer  resident. 

E.  exilis  (Gmel.).     Least  Bittern. 

Formerly  not  uncommon  in  several  parts  of  the  State,  but  it  is 
now  quite  rare. 

Prof.  Jesup  reports  it  as  "  Not  rare  summer  resident "  in  New 
Hampshire. 

GENUS    ARDEA. 

A.  herodias  (Linn.).     Great  Blue  Heron. 

This  is  not  an  uncommon  bird  in  the  wilder  parts  of  the  State, 
especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Champlain.  It  is  a  summer 
resident  and  breeds  here. 

A.  mrescens  (Linn.).     Green  Heron. 

This  is  our  most  common  heron  and  it  nests  in  many  parts  of 
the  State. 

GENUS    NYCTICORAX. 

N.  nycticorax  ncevius  (Bodd.).    Night  Heron. 

This  species  is  reported  by  some  observers  as  rare,  by  others  as 
common.  It  probably  is  not  usually  very  abundant  anywhere  in 
the  State.  Summer  resident. 

ORDER    PALUDICOL^E.      CRANES,  RAILS. 
FAMILY  GRUID^. 
GENUS     GRUS. 

G-.  americanus.     Whooping  Crane. 

This  bird  appears  to  be  extinct  in  this  State.  Thompson  re- 
ports it  as  "  Being  occasionally  seen  during  its  migration."  Dr. 
Cutting  says  "  Scarce,  more  so  than  formerly."  It  is  many  years 
since  a  specimen  has  been  taken  in  Vermont. 


VERMONT  AGRICULTURAL   REPORT.  97 

G.  mexicana  (Mull.).     Sandhill  Crane. 

There  is  a  specimen  of  this  bird  in  the  State  Museum  which 
was  shot  on  the  Connecticut  at  Lunenburg.  It  is  the  only  Ver- 
mont specimen  of  which  we  ha^e  any  knowledge.  As  the 
species  is  usually  found  only  in  the  southern  United  States 
the  above  specimen  must  be  considered  merely  an  estray. 

FAMILY    RALLID^E.     KAILS. 
GENUS      RALLUS. 

R.  longirostris  crepitans  (Gmel.).     Clapper  Kail.     Rare. 
Burlington,  Conger. 

It.  mrginianus  (Linn.).     Virginia  Rail. 
Not  uncommon  summer  resident. 

GENUS  PORZANA. 

P.  Carolina  (Linn.).     Carolina  Rail. 
An  uncommon  summer  resident. 

P.  noveboracensis  (Gmel.).     Yellow  Rail. 

"  Specimen  shot  at  Newport.  Never  saw  any  other  here,  yet 
said  to  be  seen  now  and  then." — Cutting.  Rarely  seen  in  Northern 
Vermont. — Conger. 

GENUS    GALLINULA. 

6r.  galeata  (Licht.).     Florida  Gallinule. 
Reported  as  a  rare  summer  resident. 

GENUS  FULICA. 
F.  americana  (Gmel.).     Coot. 

Not  common,  but  specimens  occur  now  and  then  near  Bur- 
lington as  migrants. 

OBDEB    LIMICOL^E.    SHOBE  BIRDS. 

FAMILY  PHALAROPODID^.    PHALABOPES. 
GENUB    CRYMOPHILUS. 

C.fulicarius  (Linn.).    Red  Phalarope. 

Mr.  Conger  shot  one  specimen  of  this  species  at  Alburgh. 
This  is  now  in  the  State  collection.  Mr.  L.  C.  Clark  reports  that 
he  has  seen  quite  a  number  this  season,  1901,  but  never  in  the 
Lake  before. 

FAMILY  SCOLOPACID^E.    WOODCOCK.     SNIPE.    SANDPIPEBS. 
GENUS     PHILOMELA. 

P.  minor  (Gmel.).     American  Woodcock. 

This  bird  is  a  not  uncommon  migrant  and  often  it  remains 
here  through  the   summer.      It   appears   about  the  middle  of 
7 


98  VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL    REPORT. 

April,  10th-15th.     Because  of  its  nocturnal  babits  it  is  usually 
considered  much  less  common  tban  it  really  is. 

GENUS    GALLINAGO. 

G.  delicata  (Ord.).     Wilson's  Snipe. 
Not  common.     Summer  resident. 

GENUS  TRINGA. 

T.  maritima  (Brun.).     Purple  Sandpiper. 
A  rare  summer  visitant.    Dr.  Cutting  says  tbat  it  "  Occasionally 
breeds  in  Vermont,  as  I  had  the  old  bird  and  young  brought  me." 

T.  maculata  (Yieill).     Pectoral  Sandpiper.    Jack  Snipe. 
A  rare  fall  migrant. 

T.fuscicollis  (Vieill).     Whiterumped  Sandpiper. 

The  only  authority  for  this  species  is  Miss  Grout's  list  of 
Brattleboro  birds. 

T.  minutilla  (Vieill).     Least  Sandpiper. 
Seen  rarely  in  migration. 

GENUS    EREUNETES. 

E.pusillus  (Linn.).     Semipalmated  Sandpiper. 
Not  common.     Migrant. 

GENUS  CALIDRIS. 

C.  arenaria  (Linn.).     Sanderling. 
Occasionally   found   near  lakes    and    ponds.     Rare    summer 

visitant. 

GENUS  LIMOSA. 

L.  hcemastica  (Linn.).     Hudsonian  Godwit. 
Not  common.     Burlington. 

GENUS  TOTANUS. 

T.  melanoleuous  (Gmel.).     Greater  Yellowlegs. 
Spring  and  fall  migrant.     Found  about  ponds  in  various  local- 
ities. 

T.  flampes  (Gmel.).     Yellowlegs. 

Not  uncommon.     Conger. 

T.  solitarius  (Wils.).     Solitary  Saijd piper. 
Spring  and  fall  migrant.     Not  uncommon.     Sometimes  breeds. 


VERMONT  AGRICULTURAL  REPORT.  99 

GENUS  SYMPHEMIA. 
S.  semipalmata  (GmeL).     Willet. 
Middlebury,  Mead. 

GENUS  BARTRAMIA. 

B.  longicauda  (Bech.).     Bartram's  Sandpiper. 

Usually  a  not  common  spring  and  fall  migrant.  It  sometimes 
remains  through  the  summer,  however,  as  Mr.  Evans  writes  "A 
pair  nested  in  Townshend  for  several  years." 

GENUS   TRYNGITES. 

T.  subruficollis  (Yieill).     Buffbreasted  Sandpiper. 
Spring  and  fall  migrant.     Not  common. 

GENUS  ACTITIS. 
A.  macularia  (Linn.).     Spotted  Sandpiper. 

Yery  common  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain  and  elsewhere. 
Summer  resident. 

FAMILY  CHARADRIIDAE.  PLOVERS. 
GENUS     CHARADRIUS. 

C.  squatarola  (Linn.).     Blackbellied  Plover. 
Lunenburg,  Balch.     Middlebury,  Mead.     Migrant. 

C.  dominicus  (Mull).     American  Golden  Plover. 

Lunenburg,  Balch.  Both  this  and  the  preceding  species  are 
given  in  Dr.  Cutting's  list.  They  are  only  seen  on  rare 
occasions. 

GENUS 


^E.  vocifera  (Linn.).     Killdeer. 

Fall  and  spring  migrant.      It  is  also  reported   as  sometimes 
nesting  here. 

^E.  dulia  (Scop.).     Little  Ring  Plover. 
Yery  rare.     Conger. 

jE.  meloda  (Ord.).     Piping  Plover. 
Not  common.     Migrant.     "  Occasionally  breeds,"  Ross. 

^E.  semipalmata  (Bon.).     Semipalmated  Plover. 

"Have  seen  it  about  Groton  Pond  in  considerable  numbers, 
but  nowhere  else."     Cutting. 

^E.  wilsonia  (Ord).     Wilson's  Plover. 
Lunenburg,  Balch: 


100 


VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL    REPORT. 


FAMILY  APHRIZIDAE.  TURNSTONES. 

GENUS       ARENARIA. 

A.  interpret  (Linn.).     Turnstone. 

Three  of  these  birds  were  shot  on  Hogback,  an  island  in  Lake 
Champlain,  Conger. 

ORDER   GALLING.     GROUSE. 
FAMILY  TETRAONID^E. 

GENUS   COLINUS. 

C.  virginianus  (Linn.).     Quail,     Bob  White. 

This  bird  is  sometimes  seen  about  Burlington  and  elsewhere, 
but  it  is  most  probable  that  none  are  really  native.  The  quail  has 
been  several  times  introduced  into  Yermont  with  the  expectation 
that  it  would  increase  and  become  a  valuable  game  bird  as  it  is  in 
some  parts  of  the  country.  This  hope  has  not,  however,  been 
realized  and  the  birds  do  not  thrive.  It  may  be  that  some  native 
quails  are  to  be  found  in  the  State,  but  we  think  that  all  are 
those  introduced,  and  that  the  species  may  disappear  from  our 
limits  at  any  time. 

GENUS    DENDRAGAPUS. 

D.  canadensis  (Linn.).     Canada  Grouse.      Spruce  Part- 

ridge. 

This  is  not  a  common  species,  even  in  the  northern  parts  of  the 
State.  It  is  probably  only  a  visitor  as  a  rule,  but  it  breeds  within 
our  limits. 

GENUS  BONASSA. 

B.  umbellus  (Linn.).       Common    Partridge.       Ruffed 

Grouse. 

Common  over  the  State.     Remains  throughout  the  year. 

The  Wild  Turkey,  Meleagris  gallopavo  (Linn.),  it  is  scarcely 
necessary  to  say,  is  not  found  in  Yermont.  It  was,  however, 
formerly  not  uncommon.  The  Green  Mountain  boys  were  often 
able  to  supply  their  somewhat  meagre  larders  with  this  delicacy. 
Prof.  Thompson,  writing  in  1842,  says:  "The  Wild  Turkey, 
which  was  formerly  common,  has  everywhere  diminished.  A 
few  of  them,  however,  continue  still  to  visit  and  breed  upon  the 
mountains  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State."  Just  when  this 
bird  became  extinct  has  not  been  determined. 

The  Capercailli,  Tetraogallus  capercailli^  has  been  introduced 
as  a  possible  game  bird,  but  the  experiment  did  not  prove 
successful. 

As  to  this  species  Mr.  Titcomb,  Fish  and  Game  Commissioner, 
writes :  "  The  Capercailzie  were  introduced  into  Yermont  four 
years  ago,  if  I  remember  correctly,  and  the  Black  Game  at  the 
same  time.  Dr.  Webb  put  most  of  them  but  on  his  farms,  but 


VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL    REPORT.  101 

a  cock  and  two  females  were  put  out  in  the  woods  in  Middlebury 
and  the  same  number  in  Rutland.  I  think  that  there  were  also 
some  put  out  in  Franklin  county.  The  Sharptailed  Grouse  was 
also  introduced  about  the  same  time."  IS  one  of  the  above  have 
been  heard  from  since  they  were  put  out. 

Several  years  ago  Dr.  W.  S.  Webb  stocked  a  preserve  in  Shel- 
burne  with  the  common  Pheasant,  Phasianus  colchicus.  These 
have  done  well,  and  escaped  individuals  are  seen,  it  may  be, 
several  miles  from  home.  Whether  it  will  ever  become  a  resi- 
dent properly  so  called  can  scarcely  be  predicted. 

ORDER    COLUMB^E.    PIGEONS.    DOVES. 
FAMILY  COLUMBID^. 

GENUS       ECTOPISTES. 

E.  migratorius  (Linn.).     Wild  Pigeon. 

This  species,  formerly  perhaps  the  most  abundant  of  our  native 
birds,  is  now  one  of  the  rarer  ones.  There  are  a  few  seen  every 
season  near  Essex  Junction  about  Fort  Ethan  Allen,  and  a  num- 
ber were  shot  there  last  season.  They  once  nested  on  Stratton 
mountain  in  great  numbers,  and  a  few  are  said  to  remain  there. 
Thompson  says :  "  Pigeons  are  much  less  abundant  in  Vermont 
than  formerly,  but  they  now,  in  some  years,  appear  in  large  num- 
bers." Earlier  still  Dr.  Williams  speaks  of  the  trees  over  hun- 
dreds of  acres  as  being  fairly  loaded  with  nests. 

GENUS     ZENAIDURA. 
Z.  macroura  (Linn.).     Mourning  Dove. 

This  bird  does  not  appear  to  have  ever  been  very  common  in 
Vermont,  and  it  is  now  very  rare. 

ORDER     RAPTORES.     BIRDS  OF  PREY. 
FAMILY  CATHARTID^E.  VULTURES. 
GENUS     CATHARTES. 

C.  atrata  (Earth).     Black  Vulture. 

Mr.  Balch  reports  this  unexpected  species  from  Lunenburg. 
Miss  Ide  also  gives  it  as  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Johns- 
bury. 

C.  aura  (Linn.).     Turkey  Vulture.     Turkey  Buzzard. 
Dr.  Cutting  says  that  he  has  known  of  the  capture  of  one 
specimen.     Mr.  Balch  also  reports  it.     Both  this  and  the  pre- 
ceding species  are  exceedingly  rare  in  the  State. 

FAMILY     FALCONID^.     EAGLES.     HAWKS. 
GENUS  e  CIRCUS. 

C.  hudsonius  (Linn.).     Marsh  Hawk. 
This  hawk  is  most  common  in  the  spring  and  early  summer. 


102  VERMONT  AGRICULTURAL  REPORT. 

GENUS     ACCIPITER. 

A.  velox  (Wils.).     Sharpshinned  Hawk. 
Fairly  common  summer  resident.     Breeds. 

A.  cooperi  (Bon.).     Coopers  Hawk. 

Summer  resident.  Often  called  chicken  hawk.  More  com- 
mon  than  many  of  its  allies. 

A.  atricapillus  (Wils.).     American  Goshawk. 

This  large  hawk  is  not  at  all  common,  but  is  occasionally  seen 
in  winter.  More  rarely  still  it  ma}7  be  found  in  summer  and  it 
is  reported  in  a  very  few  instances  to  have  nested. 

GENUS     BUTEO. 

B.  lorealis  (GmeL).     Redtailed  Hawk.     Hen  Hawk. 

This  hawk  is  a  permanent  resident  and  one  of  the  more  com- 
mon species. 

B.  lineatus  (GmeL).     Red  shouldered  Hawk. 
This  is  also  a  common  species.     Resident. 

B.  swainsonii  (Bon.).     Swaiuson's  Hawk. 
This  is  a  very  rare  species  in  this  State.     Lunenburg,  Balch. 

B.  latissimus  (Wils.).     Broad  winged  Hawk. 
Not  common.     Summer  resident. 

GENUS  ARCHIBUTEO. 

A.  lagopus  sancti-johannis  (Gin el.).     American  Rough- 
legged  Hawt. 

Not  common.     St.  Johnsbury,  Balch. 

GENUS  AQUILA. 

A.  chrysaetos  (Linn.).     Golden  Eagle. 

This  species  is  never  common  and  sometimes  none  are  seen  for 
many  years,  then  a  few  appear.  The  young  of  the  next  species 
are  often  mistaken  for  the  adult  of  this. 

GENUS  HALIJETUS. 

H.  leucocephalus  (Linn.).     Whiteheaded  Eagle.     Bald 
Eagle. 

This  is  not  uncommon,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake 
Champlain.  It  is  a  permanent  resident. 


VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL  REPORT.  103 

GENUS  FALCO. 

F.  peregrinus  anatum  (Bon.).     Duck  Hawk. 

Not  common.     Resident  and  often  breeds  for  a  long  time  in 
the  same  locality. 

F.  columbarius  (Linn.).     Pigeon  Hawk. 

Sometimes,  though  rarely,  resident.      More  commonly   spring 
and  fall  migrant. 

F.  sparverius  (Linn.).     Sparrow  Hawk. 
Common  summer  resident. 

GENUS  PANDION. 

P.  halicelus  carolmensis  (Grnel.).   Fish  Hawk.    Osprey. 
Not  common  resident  throughout  the  year. 

FAMILY  STRIGID^.     OWLS. 
GENUS    STRIX. 

S.  pratinicola  (Bon.).     American  Barn  Owl. 

This  species  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  northern  part  of  the 
State.     It  is  probably  only  a  visitor. 

GENUS  ASIO. 

A.  wilsonianus  (Less.).     Longeared  Owl. 
Not  uncommon.     Resident. 

A.  accipitrinus  (Pall.).     Shorteared  Owl. 
Not  very  rare.     Resident. 

GENDS  SYNRNIUM. 

8.  nebulosum  (Forst).     Barred  Owl. 
A  rather  common  resident. 

GENUS  ULULA. 

U.  cinerea  (Gmel.).     Great  Gray  Owl. 
Thijs  owl  is  very  rare  in  Vermont  and  seen  only  in  winter. 

GENUS  NYCTALA. 

N.  tengmalmi  richardsonii  (Bon.).     Richardson's  Owl. 
A  rare  winter  visitor. 

N.  acadica  (Gmel.).     Saw  Whet  Owl. 

This  little  owl  is   at  times  quite  common,  especially  in   the 
northern  part  of  the  State. 


104  VERMONT  AGRICULTURAL  REPORT. 

GENUS  MEGASCOPS. 

M.  asio  (Linn.).     Screech  Owl. 
Perhaps  our  most  common  owl.     Resident. 

GENUS  BUBO. 

B.  mrginianus  (Gmel.).     Great  Horned  Owl.     Cat  Owl. 
Quite  common.     Kesident. 

GENUS  NYCTEA. 

N.  nyctea  (Linn.).     Snowy  Owl.     White  Owl. 

Usually  a  rare  winter  visitor,  but  sometimes  it  appears  in  con- 
siderable numbers  in  Northern  Vermont. 

GENUS  SURNIA. 

8.  ulula  capparoch  (Mull.).     Hawk  Owl. 
A  not  common  resident  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

ORDER     COCCYGES. 
FAMILY  CUCULID^E.    CUCKOOS. 
GENUS     COCCYZUS. 

C.  americanus  (Linn.).     Yellowbilled  Cuckoo. 
Summer  resident. 

(7.  erythrophthalmus  (Wils.).     Blackbilled  Cuckoo. 

Summer  resident.  Both  species  of  cuckoo  are  found  in  the 
State,  but  the  first  named  is  very  uncommon.  The  last  named 
is  the  species  ordinarily  seen,  but  neither  are  very  abundant. 

FAMILY  ALCEDINID^E.    KINGFISHERS. 
GENUS    CERYLE. 

C.  dlcyon  (Linn.).     Kingfisher. 

Common  summer  resident.     Appears  the  last  of  April. 

ORDER    PICI. 

FAMILY  PICID^.     WOODPECKERS. 

GENUS      DRYOBATES. 

D.  mllosus  (Linn.).     Hairy  Woodpecker. 
Winter  visitor,  also  not  uncommon  resident. 

D.  pulescens  (Linn.).     Downy  Woodpecker. 
Much  more  common  than  the  last.     Resident. 


VERMONT  AGRICULTURAL  REPORT.  105 

GENUS  PICOIDES. 
P.  arctious  (Swain).     Arctic  Three-toed  Woodpecker. 

This  is  always  rare  and  usually  a  winter  visitor,  but  Mr.  Ross 
has  found  it  nesting  in  Sherburne.  The  nest  has  also  been  found 
near  Burlington. 

P.  americanus  (Brohm).     Striped  Woodpecker.     Three- 
toed  Woodpecker. 

Like  the  preceding  species,  this  is  very  seldom  seen,  but  both 
occur  mostly  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

GENUS  SPHYRAPICUS.   • 

S.  varius  (Linn.).     Yellow-bellied  Woodpecker.     Sap- 
sucker. 

A  common  summer  resident. 

GENUS  CEOPHLGEUS. 

C.pileatus  (Linn.).     Pileated  Woodpecker. 

This,  largest  of  our  Woodpeckers,  occurs  sparingly  all  over  the 
State. 

GENUS    MELANERPEs! 

M.  erythrocephalus  (Linn.).     Redheaded  Woodpecker. 
Not  common  in  Yermont.     Summer  resident. 

GENUS  COLAPTES. 
C.  auratus  (Linn.).     Yellow  Hammer.     Flicker. 

This  is  our  most  common  Woodpecker.  Appears  the  middle 
of  April. 

ORDER    MACROCHIRES. 
FAMILY  CAPRIMULGID^E. 
GENUS    ANTROSTOMUS. 

A.  vociferus  (Wils.).     Whip-poor-will. 

Quite  irregularly  distributed,  being  common  in  some  localities 
and  rare  in  others.  Usually  more  frequently  found  away  from 
the  mountains  on  lowlands.  Summer  resident. 

GENUS  CHORDEILES. 

C.  virginianus  (Gmel.).     Night  Hawk. 
Very  common.     Summer  resident. 


106  VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL  REPORT. 

FAMILY  MICROPODID^E.  THE  SWIFTS. 
GENUS     CH-ETURA. 

C.  pelagica  (Linn.).     Chimney  Swift. 
Common  summer  resident. 

FAMILY  TROCHILID^.  HUMMING  BIRDS. 
GENUS    TROCHILUS. 

T.  colubris  (Linn,).     Ruby  throated  Hummingbird. 

A  common  summer  resident.  Appears  about  the  middle  of 
May. 

ORDER  PASSERES.  PERCHING  BIRDS. 
FAMILY  TYRANNID^.  FLYCATCHERS. 
GENUS    TYRANNUS. 

T.  tyrannus  (Linn.).     Kingbird. 

Common  summer  resident.  Appears  about  the  first  week  in 
May. 

GENUS  MYRIARCHUS. 

M.  crinitus  (Linn.).     Great  crested  Flycatcher. 
Common  summer  resident.     Appears  the  first  week  in  May. 

GENUS  SAYORNIS. 

S.  phwbe  (Lath.).     Phoebe. 
Not  rare  summer  resident.     Appears  about  April  10th. 

GENUS  CONTOPUS. 

C.  borealis  (Swaim).     Olivesided  Flycatcher. 
Common  summer  resident. 

C.  virens  (Linn.).     Wood  Pewee. 
Common  summer  resident.     Appears  towards  the  last  of  May. 

GENUS  EMPIDONAX. 
K  flaviventris  (Eaird).     Yellowbellied  Flycatcher. 

A  rare  summer  resident.  It  is  said  to  nest  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  State. 

K  acadicus  (Gmel.).     Acadian  Flycatcher. 

This  is  a  doubtful  species.  The  only  authority  for  its  occur- 
rence in  the  State  is  Dr.  Cutting's  statement  that  "  It  is  rarely 
seen  in  Vermont." 


VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL   REPORT.  107 

E.  pusillus  traillii  (And.).     Traills  Flycatcher. 

This  flycatcher  is  rare,  but  it  is  known  to  occur  at  St.  Johns- 
bury,  Ide,  Balch.  Dr.  Cutting  says  that  it  has  been  "  Taken  at 
Bennington,  Bethel,  and  in  Connecticut  river  valley."  Summer 
resident.  A  nest  has  also  been  found  in  Burlington. 

E.  minimus  (Baird).     Least  Flycatcher. 
Common  summer  resident. 

FAMILY  ALAUDID^-     LARKS. 
GENUS    OTOCORIS. 

0.  alpestris  (Linn.).     Horned  Lark. 

Kather  common.  Often  migrant,  but  some  remain  through 
the  summer.  A  nest  of  the  Horned  Lark  was  found  this  spring, 
1901,  near  the  Experiment  buildings  in  Burlington.  In  it  were 
three  young — a  week  old — and  yet  it  was  on  the  25th  of  April. 

0.  alpestris  praticola  (Hensh.).     Prairie  Horned   Lark. 
Prof.  Eaton  reports  this  species  from  Middlebury. 

FAMILY  CORVID^E.     JAYS.     CROWS. 
GENUS     CYANOCITTA. 

C.  cristata  (Linn.).     Blue  Jay. 
Common  resident. 

GENUS  PERISOREUS. 
P.  canadensis  (Linn.).     Canada  Jay. 

Not  common  except  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  where 
it  sometimes  breeds. 

GENUS  CORVUS. 

C.  corax  sinuatus  (Wagl.).     American  Raven. 
This  bird  is  found  only  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the 
State.     It  is  very  rare,  but  several  specimens  have  been  killed. 

C.  americanus  (Aud.).     Common  Crow. 
A  very  common  resident. 

C.  ossifragus  (Wils.).     Fish  Crow. 

Mr.  Balch  reports  this  from  Caledonia  county. 

FAMILY  ICTERID^.     BLACKBIRDS.     ORIOLES. 
GENUS    DOLICHONYX. 

D.  oryzivorus  (Linn.).     Bobolink.      Reed  Bird.      Rice 

Bird. 

Yery  common  summer  resident.     Appears  the  last  of  May. 


108  VERMONT  AGRICULTURAL  REPORT. 

GENUS  MOLOTHRUS. 

M.  ater  (Bodd.).     Cowbird. 
Common  summer  resident.     Appears  the  last  of  March. 

GENUS  AGELAIUS. 

A.phoeniceus  (Linn.).     Red  winged  Blackbird. 

Yery  common  summer  resident.  Appears  about  the  middle 
of  April. 

GENUS    STURNELLA. 

S.  magna  (Linn.).     Meadowlark. 
Not  uncommon  in  some  parts  of  the  State.     Summer  resident. 

GENUS  ICTERUS. 

/.  spurius  (Linn.).     Orchard  Oriole. 

Summer  resident.  This  is  not  a  common  bird  anywhere  in  the 
State  so  far  as  we  know. 

/.  galbula  (Linn.).     Baltimore  Oriole. 
Common  summer  resident.     Appears  early  in  May. 

GENUS  SCOLECOPHAGUS. 

S.  carolinus  (Mull).     Rusty  Blackbird. 

.  Not  very  common.     Spring  and  fall  migrant.     Appears  about 
the  middle  of  April. 

GENUS  QUISCALUS. 

Q.  quisGula  (Linn.).     Purple  Grackle. 

The  common  Blackbird  is  usually  assigned  to  this  species,  but 
I  am  inclined  to  think  that  it  is  not  as  common  in  most  parts  of 
Vermont  as  the  Bronze  Grackle.  This  is  certainly  true  of  the 
vicinity  of  Burlington.  Summer  resident. 

Q.  quisculd  ceneus  (Ridg.).     Bronze  Grackle. 

As  we  have  noticed  above,  this  species  is  usually  confused  with 
the  preceding  with  which  it  often  associates.  It  is  the  more 
northern  form,  and,  while  both  species  are  not  uncommon  in  the 
State,  this  is  most  so. 

GENUS  PINICOLA. 

P.  enucleator  (Linn.).     Pine  Grosbeak. 

A  somewhat  irregular  winter  visitant.  Some  winters,  as  that  of 
1899,  the  bird  is  very  common,  while  at  other  times  it  is  very 
rare  or  does  not  appear  at  all. 


VERMONT  AGRICULTURAL  REPORT.  109 

GENUS  CARPODACUS. 

C.  purpureus  (Gmel.).     Purple  Finch. 
Very  common  summer  resident. 

GENUS  LOXIA. 

L.  curvirostra  minor  (Brehm).     American  Crossbill. 

Usually  regarded  as  a  winter  visitor,  but  it  has  been  seen  in 
Burlington  in  July,  and  it  probably  breeds  here.  It  has  also 
been  seen  in  summer  in  other  parts  of  the  State. 

L.  leucoptera  (Gmel.).     White  winged  Crossbill. 

Winter  visitant.  It  sometimes  nests,  as  young  have  been 
found.  Prof.  Herrick  reports  finding  young  at  Lunenbnrg, 
March  22. 

GENUS  ACANTHIS. 

A.  linaria  (Linn.).     Redpoll. 
Irregularly  common.     Winter  visitor. 

A.  hornemanii  exilipes  (Coues).     Hoary  or  Mealy  Red- 
poll. 

This  bird  is  reported  as  having  been  found  in  the  State.  It  is 
very  rare  and  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  doubtful  species. 

GENUS  SPINUS. 

S.  tristis  (Linn.).     Goldfinch.     Yellowbird. 
A  common  summer  resident. 

S.  pinus  (Wils.).     Pine  Siskin. 
An  occasional  winter  visitant. 

GENUS  PLECTROPHENAX. 

P.  nivalis  (Linn.).     Snowflake.     Snowbird. 
Irregular  winter  visitant. 

GENUS  CALCARIUS. 

C.  lapponicus  (Linn.).     Lapland  Longspur. 
A  rare  winter  visitant. 

GENUS  POOCETES. 

P.  gramineus  (Gmel.).     Vesper  sparrow. 
Common  summer  resident.     Comes  about  the  middle  of  April. 


110  VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL    REPORT. 

GENUS    AMMODRAMUS. 

A.  sandwichenisis  savanna  (Wils.).     Savanna  Sparrow. 
Not  common.     Summer  resident. 

A.     savannarum    passerinus    (Wils.).       Grasshopper 
Sparrow. 

Summer  resident.     Not  common. 

A.  henslowii  (Aud.).     Henslow's  Sparrow. 
Rare  summer  resident. 

A.  caudacutus  (Gmel.).     Sharptailed  Sparrow. 
Lunenburg,  Balch. 

GENUS  ZONOTRICHIA. 

Z.  leucophrys  (Forst).     Whiteerowned  Sparrow. 
Spring  and  fall  migrant.     Common. 

Z.   albicollis  (Gmel.).     Whitethroated   Sparrow.     Pea- 
body  Bird. 

Rather  common.     Spring  and  fall  migrant.     Appears  early  in 
May. 

GENUS  SPIZELLA. 

S.  monticola  (Gmel.).     Tree  Sparrow. 
Occasionally  resident.    Probably  more  often  a  winter  visitor. 

S.  socialis  (Wils.).     Chipping  Sparrow. 

Yery  common.     Summer  resident.     Comes  about  the  middle 
of  April. 

S.  pusilla  (Wils.).     Field  Sparrow. 
Quite  common.     Summer  resident. 

GENUS  JUNCO. 

J.  hyemalis  (Linn.).     Black  Snowbird.     Junco. 
Common  resident,  also  migrant. 

GENUS  MELOSPIZA. 

M.fasciata  (Gmel.).     Song  Sparrow. 
Yery  common  summer  resident.     Appears  April  1st. 

M.  lincolni  (Aud.).     Lincoln's  Sparrow. 
Not  common.     Summer  resident. 

M.  georgiana  (Lath.).     Swamp  Sparrow. 
Summer  resident.     Occasional.     Hare. 


VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL    REPORT.  Ill 

GENUS    PASSERELLA. 

P.  iliaca  (Merr.).     Fox  Sparrow. 
Spring  and  fall  migrant. 

GENUS  PASSER. 

P.   domesticus    (Linn.).        English    Sparrow.       House 
Sparrow. 

By  far  too  common.     Introduced. 

GENUS  PIPILIO. 

P.  erythrophthalmus  (Linn.).     Towhee.     Chewink. 

Not  uncommon  summer  resident.  Appears  about  the  last 
week  in  May. 

GENUS  CARDINALIS. 

C.  cardinalis  (Linn.).     Cardinal. 

This  is  a  southern  species  and  it  is  rather  doubtful  whether  it  ever 
voluntarily  comes  so  far  north.  Several  specimens  have  been 
taken  in  the  State,  but  they  may  all  have  escaped  from  cages. 

GENUS  HABIA. 

H.  ludoviciana  (Linn.).     Eosebreasted  Grosbeak. 

Common  summer  resident.  Comes  the  first  of  May.  This  is 
one  of  the  very  few  birds  that  will  eat  potato  bugs. 

GENUS  GUIRACA. 
G.  ccerulea  (Linn.).     Blue  Grosbeak. 

A  rare  bird,  yet  occasionally  seen  here. — Dr.  Cutting. 
Doubtful. 

GENUS  PASSERINA. 

P.  cyanea  (Linn.).     Indigo  Bunting. 
Not  rare  summer  resident.     Appears  towards  the  last  of  May 

FAMILY  TANAGRID^E. 
GENUS  PIRANGA. 

P.  erythromelas  (Vieill).     Scarlet  Tanager. 
Not  very  common  summer  resident.     Comes  the  last  of  May. 

P.  rulra  (Linn.).     Summer  Tanager. 
Not  common  summer  resident. 


112  VERMONT  AGRICULTURAL  REPORT. 

FAMILY  HIRUDINID^E.     SWALLOWS. 
GENUS    PROGNE. 

P.  subis  (Linn.).     Purple  Martin. 

Formerly  common,  but  during  the  last  few  years  it  has  become 
comparatively  rare.     Comes  about  the  middle  of  May. 

GENUS    PETROCHELIDON- 

P.  lunifrons  (Say).     Cliff  Swallow. 
Common  summer  resident.     Arrives  the  last  of  April. 

GENUS  CHELIDON. 

0.  erythrogaster  (Bodd.).     Barn  Swallow. 
Common  summer  resident.     Comes  the  middle  of  April. 

GENUS    TACHYCINETA. 

T.  Ucolor  (Yieill).     Tree  Swallow. 
Summer  resident.     Comes  about  the  middle  of  April. 

GENUS  CLIVICOLA. 

C.  riparia  (Linn.).     Bank  Swallow. 
Common  summer  resident. 

GENUS    STELGIDOPTERYX. 

S.  serripennis  (Aud.).     Roughwinged  Swallow. 
Lunenburg,  Balch, 

FAMILY  AMPELID^:.   WAXWINGS. 
GENUS    AMPELIS. 

A.  cedrorum  (Vieill).     Waxwing.     Cedar  Bird. 
Quite  common.     Last  of  May. 

A  garrulus  (Linn,).     Bohemian  Waxwing. 
Not  usually  seen,  but  sometimes,  especially  in  early  spring  or 
late  fall  flocks  appear  for  a  few  days. 

FAMILY  LANHD^s.  SHRIKES. 
GENUS    LANIUS. 

L.  "borealis  (Vieill).     Northern  Shrike. 

Ordinarily  a  not  very  common  winter  visitor,  but  sometimes 
it  remains  through  the  summer  and  nests. 


VERMONT  AGRICULTURAL   REPORT.  113 

L.  ludovicianus  (Linn.).     Loggerhead  Shrike. 
Rarely,  though  sometimes,  seen  in  the  State. 

L.    ludovicianus  exculitorides  (Swain).     Whiterumped 
Shrike. 

"  A  rare  visitant." — Cutting. 

FAMILY  VIREONID^E.  VIREOS. 
GENUS     VIREO. 

V.  olivaceus  (Linn.).     Redeyed  Yireo. 
Common  summer  resident.     Appears  the  last  of  May. 

V.  philadelphicus  (Cass).     Philadelphia  Yireo. 
Not  common  summer  resident. 

V.  gilvus  (Yieill).     Warbling  Yireo. 

A  fairly  common  summer  resident.     Comes  the  second  week 
in  May. 

V.  flwifrons  (Yieill).     Yellowthroated  Yireo, 
Rather  common  summer  resident.     Appears  the  first  week  in 

V.  solitarius  (Wils.).     Blueheaded  Yireo. 
Rare  summer  resident.     Probably  breeds. 

V.  noveboracensis  (Gmel.).     Whiteeyed  Yireo. 
A  rare  summer  resident. 

FAMILY  MNIOTILTID^E.    WOOD  WARBLERS. 
GENUS     MNIOTILTA. 

M.  varia  (Linn.).     Black  and  White  Warbler. 

Not   uncommon   summer  resident.      Appears  the  middle  of 
May. 

GENUS  PROTOSOTARIA. 

P.  citrea  (Bodd.).     Prothonotary  Warbler. 

Rare  summer  visitor.     Probably  confined  to  the  southern  part 
of  the  State. 

GENUS    HELMITHERUS. 

H.  vermivorus  (Gmel.).     Wormeating  Warbler. 
Rare  summer  resident. 

GENUS    HELMINTHOPHILA. 

H.  pinus  (Linn.).     Bluewinged  Warbler. 

Rare  visitant.     St.  Johnsbury,  Miss  Ide.   Lunenburg,  Balch. 
8 


114  VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL    REPORT. 

H.  chrysoptera  (Linn.).     Goldenwinged  Warbler. 
.Rare  summer  resident. 

H.  ruficapiUa  (Wils.).     Nashville  Warbler. 
Rare  summer  resident. 

H.  peregrina  (Wils.).     Tennessee  Warbler. 
Rare  summer  resident.     Townshend,  Evans. 

GENUS  COMPSOTHLYPIS. 

C.  americana  (Linn.).     Parula  Warbler. 
Common  summer  resident. 

GENUS  DENDROICA. 

D.  tigrina  (Gmel.).     Cape  May  Warbler. 

Rare  summer  resident.     Killington,  Ross.    Townshend,  Evans. 

D.  ccerulescens  (Gmel.).     Blackthroated  Blue  Warbler. 

Rather  common  summer  resident  in  the  northern  parts  of  the 
State. 

D.     oBstiva    (Gmel.).        Summer    Warbler.       Yellow 
Warbler. 

Perhaps  our  most  common  warbler.       Comes  the  first  of  May. 

Z>.  coronata  (Linn.).     Myrtle  Warbler. 

Common  migrant  and  occasional  resident.     Appears  the  last  of 
April. 

D.  maculosa  (Gmel.).     Magnolia  Warbler, 

Not  common  summer  resident. 

D.  pensylvanica  (Linn.).     Chestnutsided  Warbler. 
Quite  common  summer  resident. 

D.  castanea  (Wils.).     Baybreasted  Warbler. 
Not  common  migrant.      Rutland,  Ross.      Townshend,  Evans. 

D.  striata  (Forst).     Blackpoll  Warbler. 

Rather  common  migrant.      Sometimes  nests  on  the  higher 
mountains.     Ross. 

D.  Uackburnice  (Gmel.).     Blackburnian  Warbler. 
Common  summer  resident. 

D.  virens  (Gmel.).     Blackthroated  Green  Warbler. 
Common  summer  resident. 


VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL    REPORT.  115 

D.  vigorsii  ( Aud.).     Pine  Warbler. 
Rare.     Brattleboro,  Townshend,  Evans, 

D.  palmarum  (Gmel.).     Palm  Warbler. 
Rare  migrant.     Ide,  Balch. 

D.  palmarum  hypoohrysea  (Ridgvv.).      Yellow  Palm 
Warbler. 

Occasional  migrant.     Townshend,  Evans. 

GENUS  SEIURUS. 

S.  aurocapillus  (Linn.).     Oven  Bird. 
Rather  common  summer  resident.     Appears  early  in  May. 

S.  noveboracensis  (Gmel.).     Water  Thrush. 

Not  common  summer  resident.     We  have  seen  it  near  Bur- 
lington. 

GENUS  GEOTHLYPIS. 

G-.  agiiis  (Wils.).     Connecticut  Warbler. 
Rare  summer  resident.     Lunenburg,  Balch.    Rutland,  Ross. 

G.  Philadelphia  (Wils.).    Mourning  Warbler. 
Spring  migrant.     Rare. 

G.  trichas  (Linn.).     Maryland  Yellowthroat. 
Common  summer  resident. 

GENUS  ICTERIA. 

/.  virens  (Linn.).     Yellowbreasted  Chat. 
Very  rare. 

GENUS  SYLVANIA. 

8.  mitrata  (Ginel.).     Hooded  Warbler. 
Rare  summer  resident.     Balch. 

S.pusilla  (Wils.).     Wilson's  Warbler. 
Rare  summer  resident. 

S.  canadensis  (Linn.).     Canadian  Warbler. 
Rare  summer  resident. 

GENUS  SETOPHAGA. 
S.  ruticilla  (Linn.).     Redstart. 

Not  uncommon  summer  resident.     Appears  the  last  part  of 
May. 


116  VERMONT  AGRICULTURAL  REPORT. 

GENUS  ANTHUS. 

A.  pennsylvanicus  (Linn.).     American  Pipit. 
A  rather  rare  migrant. 

FAMILY  TROGLODYTID^. 
GENUS    MIMUS. 

M.  polyglottus  (Linn.).     Mockingbird. 

This  southern  species  would  not  be  expected  in  Yermont  and 
it  does  not  usually  come  so  far  north.  It  is,  however,  a  rare 
visitor  and  in  1884  a  pair  nested  in  Lunenbnrg,  as  a  result  of 
which  they  are  now  in  the  State  collection. 

GENUS  GALEOSCOPTES. 

G.  carolinensis  (Linn.).     Catbird. 

Yery  common  summer  resident.  Appears  about  the  middle 
of  May. 

GENUS    HARPORHYNCHUS. 

H.  rufus  (Linn.).     Brown  Thrush.     Thrasher. 

Rare  in  some  localities,  rather  common  in  others.  Summer 
resident. 

GENUS    THRYOTHORUS. 

T.  ludovicianus  (Lath.).     Carolina  Wren. 
A  rare  visitant  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

GENUS    TROGLODYTES. 

T.  cedon  (Yieill).     House  Wren. 
Common  summer  resident. 

T.  hyemalis  (Yieill).     Winter  Wren. 
Bather  rare  migrant.     Yery  rarely  it  breeds. 

GENUS  CISTOTHORUS. 

C.palustris  (Wils.).     Longbilled  Marsh  Wren. 
Yery  rare.     Middlebury,  Meade. 

FAMILY  CERTHIID^E. 
GENUS    CERTHIA. 

C.  familiaris  americana  (Bon.).     Brown  Creeper. 
Not  common.     Summer  resident. 


VERMONT  AGRICULTURAL  REPORT.  117 

FAMILY  PARID^E. 
GENUS     SITTA. 

S.  carolinensis  (Lath.).     Whitebreasted  Nuthatch. 
Common  resident. 

8.  canadensis  (Linn.).     Redbreasted  Nuthatch. 

Not  as  common  as  the  preceding.      Winter   resident.     Rarely 
resident. 

GENUS  PARUS. 

P.  licolor  (Linn.).     Tufted  Titmouse. 
Not  common  resident. 

P.  atricapillus  (Linn.).     Chickadee.     Blackcapped  Tit- 
mouse. 

Common  resident. 

FAMILY  SYLVIID^.' 
GENUS    REGULUS. 

E.  satrapa  (Licht.).     Goldencrowned  Kinglet. 
Winter  resident.     More  common  migrant. 

R.  calendula  (Linn.).     Rubycrowned  Kinglet. 

Common  migrant  and  sometimes  summer  resident.     Killington 
and  Pico,  Ross. 

FAMILY  TURDID^E.     THRUSHES. 
GENUS    TURDUS. 

T.  mustelinus  (Gmel.).     Wood  Thrush. 
Not  very  common.     Summer  resident. 

T.  fuscescens  (Steph.).     Wilson's  Thrush. 
Not  very  common.     Summer  resident. 

T,  alicicB  (Eaird).     Graycheeked  Thrush. 
Rare  summer  resident.     Lunenburg,  Balch. 

T.  alicice  Uckaelli  (Ridg.).     BicknelFs  Thrush. 
Rare  summer  resident.     More  common  migrant. 

T.  ustulatus  swainsonii  (Cab.).     Olivebacked  Thrush. 

More  common  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  than  elsewhere. 
Summer  resident. 

T.  aonalaschJcce  pallasii  (Cab.). 
Common  summer  resident.     Comes  early  in  May. 


118  VERMONT   AGRICULTURAL    REPORT. 


GENUS  MERULA. 

M.  migratoria  (Linn.).     Robin. 

Very  common  summer  resident.     Rarely  remains  through  the 
winter. 

GENUS  SIALIA. 

8.  sialis  (Linn.).     Bluebird. 

Not  usually  common  throughout  the  State,  but  abundant  ^in 
some  localities. 


JANUARY  30,  1902.  VOL. /I,   pp.  5-23. 

CONTRIBUTIONS 

TO 
NORTH  AMERICAN  ORNITHOLOGY. 

BY 

REGINALD  HEBER  HOWE,  JUNIOR, 
LONGWOOD,  MASSACHUSETTS. 


A  REVIEW  OF    PROF.   GEORGE  H.  PERKINS'  "A  PRE- 
LIMINARY LIST  OF  THE  BIRDS  FOUND 
IN  VERMONT."* 

INTRODUCTION. 

HAVING  had  in  view  the  ultimate  publication  of  a  list  of  the 
birds  of  Vermont,  I  have  collected  and  compiled  all  the  available 
data,  and  here  beg  leave  to  present  my  results  in  the  form  of  a 
review  of  Prof.  Perkins'  "  A  Preliminary  List  of  the  Birds  Found 
in  Vermont." 

Prof.  Perkins'  List  is  hardly  as  complete  or  careful  a  one  as  we 
to-day  look  for  in  like  works,  and  it  contains  unfortunately  many 
noticeable  errors.  Prof.  Perkins  does  not  pretend  to  be  an  ornith- 
ologist, and  acknowledges  the  shortcomings  of  his  work.  He 
undertook  its  publication  only  at  the  request  of  the  State  Board 
of  Agriculture,  and  the  list  will,  I  fear,  encumber  the  bibliography 
of  Vermont  ornithological  literature,  rather  than  prove  of  value  in 
a  needed  place.  It  is  on  account  of  its  inadequateness  that  I  ven- 
ture to  add  what  I  can  to  correct  and  amplify  his  List, —  though 
the  avi-fauna  of  Vermont  as  yet  is  little  known,  and  Prof.  Perkins' 
List  and  this  Review  must  be  accepted  only  as  a  basis  for  future 
investigation. 

*A  Preliminary  List  j  of  the  j  Birds  Found  in  Vermont.  |  By  |  George  H. 
Perkins,  Ph.  D.,  |  Professor  of  Natural  History,  University  of  Vermont.  | 
Assisted  by  |  Clifton  D.  Howe,  M.  S.,  |  Assistant  in  Biology,  University  of 
Vermont....  |  New  York  and  Albany  |  1901  |  Separate,  pp.  1-34,  published 
Dec.  24,  1901.  Also  published  Jan  15, 1902,111  the  Twenty-first  Annual  Report 
State  Board  of  Agriculture  for  1901,  pp.  85-118. 


o  REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'    "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT." 

Of  all  the  New  England  states  Vermont  without  doubt  has  had 
less  competent  observers,  and  therefore  less  published  on  its  birds 
than  any  other  New  England  state.  And  there  remains  much 
interesting  work  to  be  done,  especially  on  the  summer  birds  of  its 
mountains.  In  Coues'  and  Stearns'  "New  England  Bird  Life"  I 
find  only  a  score  of  observations  on  Vermont  birds,  much  fewer 
even  than  given  for  the  small  state  of  Rhode  Island,  where  there 
has  been  little  enough  done  compared  with  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts  and  Connecticut. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Prof.  Perkins  does  not  speak  in  his  preface  at  all  of  the  topo- 
graphy of  Vermont,  omitting  a  most  important  consideration.  It 
is  neither  proper  here,  nor  have  I  space  to  discuss  Vermont's  topo- 
graphy, suffice  it  to  say  that  the  State  lies  between  parallels  42° 
30'  and  45",  and  meridians  73°  30'  and  71°  30'.  Its  northern 
border  is  90  miles  wide,  its  southern  41,  and  its  entire  length  is 
158  miles.  The  Connecticut  river  forms  its  eastern  boundary  and 
Lake  Champlain  (126  miles  long  and  i  to  15  broad)  more  than 
the  northern  half  of  its  western  border.  The  Green  Mountain 
divide  runs  as  a  "  ridge  pole  "  longitudinally  through  its  centre, 
from  which  numerous  water  courses  run  southeast  and  southwest. 
The  State  from  its  interior  situation  has  no  seacoast,  though  the 
Connecticut  and  St.  Lawrence  rivers,  and  Lakes  Champlain  and 
Memphremagog  attract  water  birds  to  its  borders.  Its  lowlands 
average  from  200  to  500  feet  above  sea  level,  and  its  highest  moun- 
tain, Mount  Mansfield,  is  4,364  feet  in  altitude.  There  are  five 
other  mountains  in  the  State  over  4,000  feet,  and  twelve  over  3,500. 

SILVA  AND  FLORA. 

These  also  very  important  topics  have  been  overlooked  by  Prof. 
Perkins  and  are  in  any  length  outside  the  scope  of  this  review. 
The  mountains  generally  are  covered  with  spruce  forests  (Picea 
rubra),  though  the  alder  (Alnus  alnobetula)  is  also  common,  while 
in  the  lower  altitudes  the  most  abundant  growths  are  the  paper  and 
yellow  birch  (Betula  lutea  and  papyriferd) ,  beech  (Fagus  ameri- 
canus},  sugar,  mountain  and  striped  maple  (Acer  saccharum,  spi- 


REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  " BIRDS  OF  VERMONT."  7 

catum,  and  pennsilvanicum),  hemlock  (Tsuga  canadensis),  and  bal- 
sam fir  (Abies  balsamed).  The  woods  are  wonderfully  varied  and 
the  following  trees  are  also  by  no  means  uncommon  —  Tamarack 
(Larix  americand) ,  Red  Pine  (Pinus  resinosa},  Arbor  Vitae 
( Thuya  occidentalis) ,  Cherry  (Primus  serotina  and  pennsil- 
vanica,  Poplar  (Populus  trumZoides),  Ash  (Fraxinus  americana 
and  sambucifolid),  Oak  (Quercus  alba  and  rubra),  and  Chestnut 
(Castanea  sativa}.  For  an  account  of  the  Flora  I  refer  my 
readers  to  the  u  Flora  of  Vermont,"  prepared  by  Ezra  Brainerd, 
L.  R.  Jones,  and  W.  W.  Eggleston.  Burlington,  1900. 


FAUNAL  AREAS. 

A  discussion  of  the  faunal  areas  is  only  just  touched  upon  by 
Prof.  Perkins.  An  understanding  of  this  most  important  and 
interesting  subject  can  best  be  accomplished  only  after  much  care- 
ful field  work  has  been  carried  on,  especially  on  the  mountains 
and  along  the  river  valleys.  Four  life  zones  are  represented  in 
Vermont,  viz.:  Upper  Austral,  Transition,  Canadian,  and  Hudso- 
nian.  The  Upper  Austral  is  represented  only  in  the  southernmost 
portion  of  the  State  at  Pownall,  where  the  Chat  (Icteria  virens), 
has  been  found.  The  Transition  zone  covers  all  the  valleys 
and  country  up  to  nearly  2,000  feet.  Species  of  this  fauna, 
however,  vary  greatly  in  their  distribution,  we  find  for  example  the 
Bob- White  (Colinus  virginianus)  only  in  the  very  southernmost  val- 
leys while  the  Kingbird  (Tyrannus  tyrannus),  Scarlet  Tanager 
(Piranga  erythromelas),  and  Yellow  Warbler  (Dendr&ca  cestiva)  are 
found  about  the  base  of  Mt.  Mansfield.  The  Canadian  zone  is 
well  represented  on  all  the  mountains  and  foothills  above  about 
1,500  feet,  extending  with  the  mountains  as  a  belt  down  the  centre 
of  the  State,  and  as  islands  on  southern  monadnocks.  The  Hud- 
sonian  zone  is  represented  only  by  a  few  species  —  the  Bicknell's 
Thrush  (Hylocichla  a.  bicknelti)  Mt.  Mansfield,  Jay  Peak,  Mt.  Kill- 
ington,  Pico  Peak,  Mt.  Annanance  (WTilloughby)  ?,  and  probably 
on  other  mountain  tops  above  3,000  ft.,  Hudsonian  Chickadee 
(Parus  hudsonicus)  Sutton,  Mt.  Stratton.  Red  Crossbill  (Loxia  c. 
minor)  Craftsbury,  Pine  Siskin  (Spinus  pinus)  Brattleboro,  Hart- 
land,  Rutland  and  Mt.  Mansfield  ?  and  Canada  Jay  (Perisoreus 
canadensis')  Mt.  Mansfield  and  Somerset. 


8  REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'    "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT." 

"LIST    OF    BIRDS    FOUND    IN    VERMONT." 

Numbers  printed  in  italics  signify  new  species  added  to  Prof.  Perkins'  List. 

1.  Colymbus  holboellii.     RED-NECKED  GREBE. — A  rare  straggler  in  win- 
ter, and  not  a    "  summer   migrant."     Middlebury,    Wells  River,  winter 
1879— '80,   Herrick.      Windsor,  one  seen  in  full  breeding  plumage  in  the 
local  collection  of  Russell  Brewster,  taken  evidently  in  the  spring. 

2.  Colymbus  auritus.     HORNED  GREBE. —  A  rare  winter  visitant,  and 
not  a  "summer  migrant."     Middleb  u  ry,  Alburgk,  Windsor,  St.  Johnsbury. 

3.  Podilymbus   podiceps.      PIED-BILLED   GREBE. —  to  Oct.  19. 

4.  Gavia  imber.    LOON. —  Breeds  not  uncommonly  on  Lakes  Champlain, 
Memphremagog,  Bomoseen,  and  Dunmore,  and  elsewhere. 

5.  Gavia  lurnme,   RED-THROATED  LOON. —  Evidently  a  rare  straggler 
in  autumn  and  winter.     Burlington  Bay,  Nov.  i,  1846, 

Uria  troile.  MURRE. —  This  species  probably  very  rarely  if  ever 
comes  as  far  south  as  Vermont.  It  is  certainly  never  a  "  summer  migrant,1' 
and  until  a  definite  record  can  be  cited  the  species  should  not  be  enumer- 
ated. 

6.  Uria   lornvia.      BRUNNICH'S   MURRE. —  A  winter  visitant,  often    in 
exceptional  numbers,  for  example  in  Decembers   1892  and  1894,  and  in 
November,  1899.     It  visits  chiefly  Lake  Champlain,  but  has  been  taken  on 
the  LaMoille  River  and  elsewhere.     It  too  never  is  a  "  summer  migrant." 

7.  Alle  alle.     LITTLE  AUK.     An  accidental   winter   visitant.     Sharon, 
autumn  i869-'7o,  Baxter. 

8.  Stercorarius   longicaudus.     LONG-TAILED  JAEGER. —  An    accidental 
visitant.      West  Castleton,  two  were  seen,  one  of  which  was  taken  about 
Sept.  7,  1877,  by  G.  B.  Dunbar  (Auk,  1884,  pp.  97-98). 

9.  Rissa  tridactyla.    KITTIWAKE  GULL. —  A  rare  straggler  in  winter,  one 
shot  at  St.  Johnsbury  about  1884.    Graham,  (Rand.  Notes,  Vol.  I,  1884,  p.  4). 
St.  Albans,  occasional,  Woodworth. 

Larus  glaucous.  GLAUCOUS  GULL. —  There  seems  some  reason  to 
doubt  this  record  as  Larus  argentatus  is  not  included  in  Dr.  Cutting's  List 
and  his  knowledge  of  water  birds  seemed  slight. 

10.  Larus  argentatus.     HERRING  GULL. —  Occurring  also  as  an  autumn 
and  winter  visitant,  though  absent  in  the  severest  weather.     Its  breeding 
on  Four  Brothers  Island  (New  York)   is   attested  by  others  beside  Prof. 
Perkins. 

n.  Larus  atricilla.  LAUGHING  GULL.  —  Probably  not  a  "summer  resi- 
dent." Its  occurrence  except  as  a  straggler  seems  doubtful.  Bristol,  one 
voung  caught  May,  1883,  E.  O.  Tuttle.  St.  Albans,  occasional,  Wood- 
worth. 

*The  order  followed  in  this  Review  for  convenience  sake  is  the  same  as  that 
followed  by  Prof.  Perkins,  that  of  the  American  Ornithologists'  IJnion. 


REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT." 

12.  Larus  Philadelphia.  BONAPARTE'S  GULL. — A  rare  spring  and 
autumn  visitant.  Its  breeding  on  Lake  Champlain  should  be  confirmed. 
It  has  been  taken  at  Newport,  Shelburne  Bay,  and  elsewhere. 

/j>.  Sterna  hirundo.  WILSON'S  TERN. —  St.  A Ibans,  included  in 
Edson's  list. 

14.  Sterna  nigra  surinamensis.  BLACK  TERN.  —  Lake  Bomoseen,  three 
were  seen  and  one  was  taken  on  June  6,  1883,  by  J.  Richardson. 

/J-.  Sterna  fuliginosa.  SOOTY  TERN. — A  straggler  from  the  south. 
Rutland,  one  taken  in  1876  by  J.  Richardson.  Larrabee's  Pt.,  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  one  taken  in  1876  by  J.  Richardson. 

16.  Oceanodroma  leucorhoa.  LEACH'S  PETREL.  —  An  accidental  visi- 
tant. 

77.  Oceanites  oceanicus.  WILSON'S  PETREL. — Accidental  visitant. 
St.  Allans.,  prior  to  1895,  Woodworth  (Auk,  1895,  p.  311). 

18.  Phalacrocorax  carbo.  COMMON  CORMORANT.  —  Rutland,  one  taken 
in  spring  of  1867  by  J.  Richardson. 

79.  Phalacrocorax  auritus.  DOUBLE-CRESTED  CORMORANT. —  An  acci- 
dental visitant.  Windsor,  one  taken  a  number  of  years  ago  I  found  in 
the  local  collection  of  Russell  Brewster.  Burlington,  one  shot  November, 
Woodworth,  Cambridge,  one  shot  December,  Woodworth. 

20.  Merganser  americana.     AMERICAN  MERGANSER.  —  Nest  found  at 
White  River  Junction,  June  18,  1877,  and  Wells  River. 

21.  Merganser  serrator.     RED-BREASTED  MERGANSER.  —  Common  mi- 
grant particularly  on  Lake  Champlain.     April  to  October. 

22.  Lophodytes   cucullatus.     HOODED   MERGANSER.  —  I   know   of   no 
actual  breeding  records.       Otter  Creek,  Brandon,  one  taken  March  27, 
1878.     Lake  Bomoseen,  one  taken  September,  1877. 

23.  Anas  boscas.     MALLARD  DUCK.  —  Rare  in  autumn.     Lake  Bomo- 
seen, one  taken  in  1877.     Lunenburg,  St.  Albans  Bay. 

24.  Anas   obscura.      BLACK    DUCK.  —  Nest  found  at  Burlington  May, 
1883,  at  St.  Albans,  and  on  Cedar  Island. 

25.  Chaulelasmus  streperus.     GADWALL. — This  specimen  was  taken  in 
the  spring  of  1879.     St.  Albans  one  taken,  Woodworth. 

Mareca  penelope.     EUROPEAN  WIDGEON. —  There  is  no  record  of  the 
capture  of  this  species  in  the  State  to  my  knowledge. 

26.  Mareca  americana.     WIDGEON. 

27.  Nettion  carolinense.     GREEN-WINGED  TEAL. — A  common  migrant 
in  March  and  September.     Its  breeding  needs  confirmation. 

28.  Querquedula  discors.     BLUE-WINGED  TEAL.  —  I  have  no  records  of 
its  breeding.     April,  May. 

29.  Spatula  clypeata.     SHOVELLER   DUCK.  —  It  is  now~rare  anywhere 
in  New  England. 

30.  Dafila  acuta.     PINTAIL  DUCK.  —  Occasionally  migrant,  St.  Albans, 
Edson. 

31.  lEx  sponsa.     WOOD  DUCK.  —  This  is  not  a  "permanent  resident," 
but  a  common  summer  resident.     April  8  to  October  23. 


!O  REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT." 

32.  Nyroca  americana.     RED-HEAD  DUCK. 

Nyroca  vallisneria.     CANVASBACK  DUCK. —  1  can  fin cfno  records. 

33.  Nyroca  marila.     GREATER  SCAUP  DUCK. 

34.  Nyroca  affinis.     LESSER  SCAUP  DUCK.  —  The  bird  taken  at  Otter 
Creek  was  a  female,  and  was  taken  on  May  19,  1883. 

35.  Clangula  clangula  americana.     AMERICAN  GOLDEN-EYE  DUCK. — 
The  statement  refers  to  the  winter  season. 

Clangula  islandica.  BARROW'S  GOLDEN-EYE  DUCK. —  The  speci- 
mens in  the  Fairbanks  Museum,  Miss  Ide  writes,  are  without  data ;  there 
is  nothing  to  prove  they  were  even  taken  in  Vermont,  and  it  is  very 
doubtful  if  they  were. 

36.  Charitonetta  albeola.     BUFFLE-HEAD  DUCK. 

37.  Harelda   hiemalis.     LONG-TAILED   DUCK.  —  Windsor,  two  taken  a 
number  of  years  ago  I  found  in  the  local  collection  of  Mrs.  Geo.  Thurston. 

38.  CEdemia   americana.     AMERICAN   SCOTER. —  Windsor,   one  found 
in  the  local  collection  of  Mrs.  Geo.  Thurston.     This,   and   the  two  fol- 
lowing species  are  spring  and  autumn  migrants,  and  winter  residents  only 
when  there  is  open  water. 

39.  CEdemia  perspicillala.     SURF  SCOTER. 

40.  CEdemia  deglandi.     WHITE-WINGED  SCOTER. 

41.  Erismatura  jamaicensis.     RUDDY  DUCK. 

42.  Nomonyx  dominicus.     MASKED  DUCK.  —  An  accidental   straggler 
from  the  south.     The  bird  referred  to  was  secured  from  a  boy  by  Henry 
D.  Morse,  and  was  taken  on  Sept.  26,  1857,  atAlburgh  Sf  rings,  Missisquoi 
Bay,  and  is  now  in  the  collection  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History 
(No.  482).     (Proc.  B.  S.  N.  H.  VI,  1858,  p.  375). 

43.  Chen  hypoborea.     LESSER  SNOW  GOOSE. — A  very  rare  migrant. 
Lunenburg,  W.  E.  Balch.  (?)     St.Johnsbury,  one  shot  about  1884.     (Rand. 
Notes,  Graham,  Vol.  I,  1884,  p.  4.) 

Anser  albifrons  gambelli.  WHITE-FRONTED  GOOSE.  —  The  record 
given  seems  hardly  definite  enough  to  enumerate  the  species  as  a  bird  of 
Vermont. 

44.  Branta  canadensis.     CANADA  GOOSE. —  March  and  October. 

45.  Branta  bernicla.     BRANT. 

Branta  leucopsis.  BARNACLE  GOOSE. — Accidental  from  the  Old 
World.  Marshfield,  one  found  in  the  Boston  Market  which  was  taken  in 
1878  (Proc.  B.  S.  N.  H.  XIX,  1878,  p.  307,  308).  Mr.  Outram  Bangs,  who 
found  the  bird,  tells  me  it  was  with  a  lot  of  geese  which  were  said  to 
have  come  from  Marshfield.  This  particular  bird  had  just  been  picked 
by  the  market  man  all  except  the  head  and  wings.  The  bird  was  in  a 
fresh  condition,  it  being  before  the  days  of  cold  storage,  and  it  undoubtedly 
came  from  some  point  in  New  England.  The  record  Mr.  Bangs  thinks 
is  as  good  as  any  market  record  can  be.  The  head  was  in  the  possession 
of  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard. 

46.  Olor  columbianus.      WHISTLING    SWAN. —  Now   accidental.      This 
recent  record  from  its  character  needs  confirmation. 


REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT."  II 

47 .  Guara  alba.     WHITE  IBIS.  —  Accidental  from  the  south.     One  was 
taken  at  South    Woodstock,    summer,   1878,  by  C.  O.  Tracy.     (O.  &  O., 
Vol.  X,  1885,  p.  10.) 

48.  Tantalus  loculator.     WOOD  IBIS.  —  An  accidental  visitant  from  the 
south.     Prof.  Perkins  writes  me  the  one  that  was  taken  was  shot  by  a 
drummer  on  the  border  of  Mud  Pond  in  Williston,  about  five  years  ago, 
where  the  two  were  first  seen  and  had  remained  all  summer,  according  to 
a  Mr.  Hough. 

49.  Botaurus  lentiginosus.     AMERICAN  BITTERN.  —  Arrives  April   30. 
Ardetta  exilis.     LEAST  BITTERN.  —  The  present  status  of  this  spe- 
cies in  Vermont  is  very  uncertain.     I  can  find  no  records. 

50.  Ardea  herodias.     GREAT  BLUE  HERON.  —  Breeds  at  Castleton,  Lei- 
cester, and  elsewhere.     Mt.  Mansfield,  Howell.     One  winter  record,  Mil- 
ton, LaMoille  River,  Dec.  22,  1884  (Brush.  Rand.  Notes,  Vol.  II,   1885, 

P-  15)- 

57.  Ardea  egretta.  AMERICAN  EGRET. —  Accidental  from  the  south. 
Neiv  Haven,  two  were  taken  in  August,  1882,  F.  H.  Herrick. 

32.  Ardea  candidissima.  SNOWY  HERON. — St.  Albans  Bay,  two  were 
taken  in  Oct.,  1890,  one  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Henry  Sampson,  St. 
Albans,  the  other  is  in  Swanton. 

Ardea  caerulea.  LITTLE  BLUE  HERON. —  Reported  by  Miss  A.  L. 
Grout  from  Brattleboro.  The  record  needs  confirmation. 

53.  Butorides  virescens.     GREEN  HERON. —  May  to  October. 

54.  Nycticorax  nycticorax  nsevius.     NIGHT   HERON. — Apparently  of 
peculiar  and  irregular  distribution.     Rutland,  common  in  autumn.     Wind- 
sor, uncommon,   St.  Johnsbury,     Townsend,  Johnson,  Lake  Champ  Iain. 

Grus  americana.  WHOOPING  CRANE. —  See  "  Extirpated  Species  " 
for  this  and  the  following  species  where  they  should  have  been  placed. 

Grus  mexicana.     SANDHILL  CRANE. 

Rallus  crepitans.  CLAPPER  RAIL.  —  Mr.  Conger  on  courteous 
inquiry  will  cite  no  definite  record. 

55.  Rallus  virginianus.     VIRGINIA  RAIL. —  Breeds  at  Burlington  and  in 
Rutland  Co. 

56.  Porzana  Carolina.     CAROLINA  RAIL. —  Common  autumn  migrant. 

57.  Porzana  noveboracensis.      YELLOW  RAIL. —  A  migrant. 

58.  Gallinula  galeata.       FLORIDA  GALLINULE. —  Breeds  on  the  shores 
of  Lake  Champlain,  in  Bomoseen  Lake,  nest  and  eggs  taken  by  J.  Rich- 
ardson, also  at  St.  Albans  according  to  Mrs.  N.  H.  Woodworth.     Ferris- 
burgh,  one  caught  Apr.  28,  1879,  R.  E.  Robinson  (F.  &  S.,  Vol.  XII,  p. 
285). 

lonornis  martinica.  PURPLE  GALLINULE. —  Said  to  have  been 
not  uncommon  at  Ferrisburgh  by  R.  E.  Robinson  about  1879,  an  evident 
error.  (F.  &  S.  XII,  p.  285). 

59.  Fulica  americana.     AMERICAN  COOT. —  Breeds  at  Lake  Bomoseen. 

60.  Crymophilus  fulicarius.     RED  PHALAROPE. —  A  rare  migrant  from 
the  north. 


12  REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'    "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT." 

6/.    Recurvirostra  americana.     AMERICAN   AVOCET. —  S/.  Allans,  one 
taken  by  G.  E.  Edson. 

62.  Philohela  minor.     AMERICAN  WOODCOCK. —  Becoming  rare.     — to 
October. 

63.  Gallinago    delicata.     WILSON'S   SNIPE. —  Probably    not    a  summer 
resident,  but  a  common  migrant. 

Macrorrhamphus  griseus.  DOWITCHER. —  Recorded  doubtfully  by 
Dr.  Cutting,  from  Lake  Memphremagog. 

Tringa  maritima.  PURPLE  SANDPIPER. —  An  evident  error.  Breeds 
only  in  the  far  north.  Its  occurrence  in  Vermont  at  all  needs  confirma- 
tion. 

64.  Tringa  maculata.     PECTORAL  SANDPIPER. —  Probably  not  uncom- 
mon as  a  migrant. 

65.  Tringa  fuscicollis.     WHITE-RUMPED  SANDPIPER. — Not  improbably 
'an   uncommon    migrant.      St.  Albans   Bay,  a  pair  observed    in    Aug.  or 

Sept.,  Mrs.  Woodworth.     Also  included  in  Edson's  list. 

66.  Tringa  minutilla.     LEAST  SANDPIPER. 

67.  Ereunetes  pusillus.     SEMIPALMATED    SANDPIPER. — Lakes  Cham- 
plain  and  Bomoseen. 

68.  Calidris   arenaria.      SANDERLING. —  A  rare  migrant.     Burlingtonr 
September,  1841.     St.  Albans,  Edson. 

69.  Limosa   fedoa.     MARBLED  GODWIT. —  Mentioned   by  Williams  as- 
occurring  in  Vermont  in  his  1794  List. 

70.  Limosa  haemastica.     HUDSONIAN  GODWIT. 

71.  Totanus  melanoleucus.     GREATER  YELLOW-LEGS. —  May. 

72.  Totanus   flavipes.     LESSER   YELLOW-LEGS. —  As   a   rule   only   an* 
autumn  migrant. 

73.  Helodramus    solitarius.      SOLITARY   SANDPIPER.     Ne&t   found   at 
Lake  Bomoseen  in  May,  1898,  by  J.  Richardson.     This  record,  I  under- 
stand, was  not  considered  authentic  by  Major  Bendire.     It  has  also  been 
said  to  breed  at  Wells  River  where  young  have  been  seen  from   1876  to 
1883  by  S.  M.  Chamberlain,  and  at  St.  Albans  Bay  and  elsewhere.     All' 
the  records  need  confirmation. 

74.  Symphemia  semipalmata.     WILLET. — Perhaps  breeds. 

75.  Bartramia   longicauda.       BARTRAMIAN   SANDPIPER. —  Not  uncom- 
monly breeds.     April  24  to  September. 

Tryngites  subruficollis.  BUFF-BREASTED  SANDPIPER. —  Very  rare 
migrant.  Occurrence  on  Dr.  Cutting's  authority  needs  confirmation. 

76.  Actitis   macularia.     SPOTTED    SANDPIPER. — April   to   September. 
Breeds  all  over  the  State. 

Numenius .     CURLEW. — Two  species  of  this  genus,  probably 

hudsonicus  and  borealis  are  spoken  of  by  Williams  in  his  1794  List  as  occur- 
ring in  Vermont. 

77.  Squatarola  squatarola.     BLACK-BELLIED  PLOVER. 

78.  Charadrius  dominicus.     GOLDEN  PLOVER.     Migrant. 

79.  ^gialitis   vocifera.     KILDEER   PLOVER.     This  statement  refers,  ta 
Lake  Champlain  region.     Brattleboro,Gvo\\\.. 


REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT."  13 

j*Egialitis  dubia.     LITTLE  RING  PLOVER. —  An  Old  World  species, 
here  probably  synonymous  with  A.  semipalmata. 

80.  .££gialitis  meloda.     PIPING  PLOVER.  —  Mr.  Ross  writes  me  that  he 
did  not  take  the  pair,  that  a  collector  called  his  attention  to  nesting  close 
to  a  pond  near  Otter  Creek,  where  Piping  Plover  were  said  to  have  been 
seen  two  previous  seasons,  and  owing  to  this  uncertainty  of  identification, 
and   the  unlikelihood   of    such  an  occurrence  the  record    had    better    be 
expunged. 

81.  /Egialitis  semipalmata.    SEMIPALMATED  PLOVER. —  Mechanicsville, 
autumn,  1878.     Randolph,  autumn,  1850,  C.  S.  Paine. 

^Egialitis  wilsonia.     WILSON'S  PLOVER.  —  Evidently  an  error.      A 
southern  species. 

82.  Areriaria  interpres.     TURNSTONE.     Evidently  a  rare  migrant. 

83.  Colinus  virginianus.     BOB-WHITE.  —  It   is  known  to  occur  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Vermont  in  a  wild  state  as  far  north  as  Londonderry 
and  Townshend  where  it  is  reported  by  F.  H.  Allen  and  C.  H.  Evans. 
Mrs.  Woodworth  writes  me  one  or  two  are  occasionallv  seen  about  St. 
Albans,  which  were  probably  introduced,  and  Mr.  Ham  writes  though  not 
introduced  to  his  knowledge  it  occurred  once  in  Johnson  in  1901. 

84.  Canachites  canadensis.     CANADA  GROUSE. —  It  apparently  does  not 
occur  on  Mt.  Mansfield  in  summer,  but  only  in  the  most  northern  portions 
of  the  State.     Victoria,  C.  H.  Horton. 

85.  Bonasa  umbellus.     RUFFED  GROUSE. —  True  or  nearly  true  umbel- 
lus  is  found  in  the  valleys  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  State,  but  on  and 
about  the  mountains  and  in  the  northern  portions  the  race  togata  takes 
its  place. 

86.  Bonasa  umbellus  togata.     CANADIAN  RUFFED  GROUSE. 
Tetraogallus  capercailli.     CAPERCAILLI. —  See  Introduced  Species. 
Tetrao  tetrix.     BLACK  GAME. —  See  Introduced  Species. 
Pedioecetes  phasianellus.    SHARP-TAILED  GROUSE.    See  Introduced 

Species. 

Meleagris  gallapavo.     WILD  TURKEY. —  See  Extirpated  Species. 

Phasianus    torquatus.      RING-NECKED     PHEASANT.  —  See   Intro- 
duced Species. 

87.  Ectopistes  migratorius.     WILD  PIGEON. 

88.  Zenaidura  macroura.     MOURNING   DOVE. —  Mr.  Ross  writes  me  he 
has  seen  it  only  twice,  both  times  in  the  breeding  season. 

89.  Cathartes  aura.     TURKEY   VULTURE. —  This  and  the  next  species 
are  accidental  from  the  south.     JEutaiv,  one  taken  prior  to  1883.     (Forest 
&  Stream,  Vol.  IV,  p.  5.) 

90.  Catharista  urubu.     BLACK  VULTURE. —  Woodbury,  near  Montpelier, 
adult  taken  July  n,  1884,  C.  W.  Graham.     (Rand.  Notes,  No.  IX,  1884, 
p.  4),  probably  the  one  in  the  Fairbanks  Museum  labelled  Danville  and 
taken  by  Graham. 

Elanoides  forficatus.   SWALLOW-TAILED  KITE. — Accidental  from  the 
south.     Coues'  and  Steam's  say  "It  was  ascribed  to  Vermont,  no  doubt 


14  REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT." 

correctly,  by  a  writer  of  the  last  century,"  referring  to  Williams  (p.  112) 
where  the  Falco  furcatus  is  mentioned  as  occurring  apparently  in  equal 
abundance  with  such  birds  as  the  Blue  Jay.  On  this  data  it  does  not 
deserve  enumeration.  (N.  E.  Bird  Life,  Vol.  II,  p.  103). 

91.  Circus    hudsonius.      MARSH    HAWK. —  A  not  uncommon  summer 
resident.     According  to  W.  A.  Briggs    it  is  seen  at    Montpelier  during 
mild  winters.     April  to  October. 

92.  Accipiter  velox.     SHARP-SHINNED    HAWK.  —  Occasionally  winters. 

93.  Accipiter  cooperii.    COOPER'S  HAWK. — Occasionally  rarely  winters. 

94.  Accipiter  atricapillus.     GOSHAWK. —  According  to  Knowlton  a  nest 
was  taken  in  Rutland  in  1875  by  H.  E.  Boughton.     (Brandon  Union,  Feb. 
10,  1882.) 

95.  Buteo  borealis.     RED-TAILED  HAWK. 

96.  Buteo  lineatus.     RED-SHOULDERED  HAWK. 

Buteo  swainsoni.     SWAINSON'S  HAWK.    This  record  should  be  con- 
firmed. 

97.  Buteo  platypterus.   BROAD-WINGED  HAWK. — Not  uncommon.  Apirl 
14  to — 

98.  Archibuteo  lagopus  sancti-johannis.      ROUGH-LEGGED    HAWK. — 
Larrabee's  Pt.,  young  taken  Oct.,  1879,  by  J.  Richardson.      Totvnshcnd, 
1895,  Evans.     St.  Allans,  Edson. 

99.  Aquila  chrysaetos.     GOLDEN  EAGLE. — Said  to  have  nested  by  Drs. 
Cutting  and  Brewer.     Pittsford  two  immature  birds  taken,  one  in  1873 
and  one  in  1875,  J.  Richardson. 

100.  Haliaetus  leucocephalus  Washington!.     WASHINGTON'S  EAGLE. — 
Said  to  breed  in  Castleton,  Hubbardton,  and  along  the  shores  of  Lake 
Champlain. 

Falco  rusticolus  gyrfalco.  GYRFALCON. —  This  species  was  re- 
corded by  Dr.  Brewer  as  a  "rare  resident"  at  Dummerston.  As  none  of 
the  Gyrfalcons  are  known  to  breed  in  the  United  States  this  record  was 
probably  an  error,  at  least  it  does  not  deserve  enumeration.  (Proc. 
B.  S.  N.  H.  1875,  p.  444.) 

101.  Falco  peregrinus  anatum.     DUCK  HAWK.  —  Breeds  at  Owl's  Head 
(Canada)   on    Lake    Memphremagog,  at    Brandon,  at    Hawk  Hill,  Wall- 
ingford,  Little  Ascutney,  and  on  Mt.  Annanance  (Willoughby). 

102.  Falco  columbarius.     PIGEON  HAWK. — Its  occurrence  as  a  summer 
resident  needs  confirmation. 

103.  Falco  sparverius.     SPARROW  HAWK.  —  April  9  to — . 

104.  Pandion    haliaetus    carolinensis.      OSPREY. —  Does    not    remain 
through  the  winter  in  New  England. 

105.  Strix  pratincola.     BARN  OWL. —  An  accidental  visitant  from  the 
south.     The    only  definite    record  is  Lyndon,  a  male  taken  June  4,  1894, 
M.  G.  Tyler.     (Auk,  1894,  p.  253.) 

106.  Asio  wilsoniana.     LONG-EARED  OWL. 

107.  Asio  accipitrinus.     SHORT-EARED  OWL. — Local.     Its  wintering  is 
unlikely,  though  it  may  occasionally. 


REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT."  15 

108.  Syrnium  nebulosum.     BARRED  OWL. 

109.  Scotiaptex   cinerea.     GREAT    GRAY   OWL. — Lunenburg,   Nov.  27, 
1879,  F.  H.    Herrick.     Milton,   two  taken  winter  of    1883,   H.  A.    Brush. 
(Rand.  Notes,  1885,  p.  15.) 

no.  Cryptoglaux  tengmalmi  richardsonii.  RICHARDSON'S  OWL. — 
Windsor,  I  found  one  in  the  local  collection  of  Russell  Brewster  taken 
some  years  ago. 

in.  Cryptoglaux  acadica.  SAW-WHET  OWL. —  Bred  at  Townshend, — 
1901,  Evans.  Breeds  according  to  Ross  in  Rutland  Co.  above  2,000 
feet.  Taken  at  Brandon  in  winter  iSSo-'Si.  Windsor. 

112.  Megascops  asio.     SCREECH  OWL.  —  Of  irregular  distribution. 

113.  Bubo  virginianus.     GREAT  HORNED  OWL. 

114.  Nyctea  nyctea.     SNOWY  OWL.  —  Mechanicsville,   1876.     Brandon, 
1880-82.     Middlebury,  1882.    Vergennes,  1887.    Cornwall,  winter  i887~'S8. 
Oct.  20  to  — . 

115.  Surnia  ulula  caparoch.     HAWK  OWL. —  Is  not  known  to  breed  in 
the  United  States.    A  rare  winter  visitor.    Cornwall,  Parkhill.    Nov.  2  to — . 

116.  Coccyzus  americana.     YELLOW-BILLED      CUCKOO.  —  Rare.     Rut- 
land, July  8,  1883,  F.  H.  Herrick  and  said  by  Ross  to  be  a  "rare  summer 
resident."     Cornwall,  June,  1899,  Parkhill.     Townshend,  "fairly  common," 
Evans.     St.  Albans,  Edson.     St.  Johnsbury,  May  29,  1900,  Clark. 

117.  Coccyzus  erythrophthalmus.     BLACK-BILLED  CUCKOO. 

118.  Ceryle  alcyon.     BELTED    KINGFISHER.     April  to  October. 

119.  Dendrocopus  villosus.     HAIRY  WOODPECKER. 

1 20.  Dendrocopus  pubescens  medianus.     NORTHERN   DOWNY  WOOD- 
PECKER. 

121.  Picoides   arcticus.     ARCTIC    THREE-TOED   WOODPECKER.  —  Also 
reported  from  Lunenburg  where  two  nests  were  taken  in  1880-82. 

122.  Picoides    bacatus.      THREE-TOED    WOODPECKER.  —  Taftsville    in 
winter.      Pico  Peak,  summer  resident  above  2,500  feet  according  to  Ross. 

123.  Sphyrapicus  varius.     YELLOW-BELLIED  SAPSUCKER. 

124.  Ceophloeus   pileatus   abieticola.     NORTHERN    PILEATED    WOOD- 
PECKER. —  Very  rare  in   southern  portions    of   the  State.     Breeds  as  far 
south  as  Well's  River,  Taftsville,  Townshend. 

125.  Melanerpes    erythrocephalus.        RED-HEADED    WOODPECKER. — 
Said  to  breed  in  western  Vermont,  but  elsewhere  only  a  rare  straggler. 
Stowe,  two  June,  1896,  C.  E.  Straw.     Taftsville,  May  n  and  July  17,  1883, 
C.  O.  Tracy.     Rutland,  summer  resident,  Ross. 

126.  Colaptes  auratus  luteus.     NORTHERN  FLICKER.     April  18  to — . 

127.  Antrostomus  vocifera.     WHIP-POOR-WILL. —  May  10  to  Sept.  16. 

128.  Chordeiles  virginianus.     NIGHT  HAWK. —  May  to  Sept. 

129.  Chaetura  pelagica.     CHIMNEY  SWIFT. —  May  i  to — . 

130.  Trochilus  colubris.       RUBY-THROATED    HUMMINGBIRD. —  May  18 
to  Sept. 

/?/.  Milvulus  forficatus.  SCISSOR-TAILED  FLYCATCHER. — Accidental 
from  the  west.  St.  Johnsbury,  one  killed  by  C.  W.  Graham  apparently  in 


16  REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT." 

1884,  and  then  said  to  have  been  sent  to  the  Dartmouth  College  collection, 
though  now  not  there.  (Rand.  Notes,  No.  VIII,  1884,  p.  3,  and  Brewster's 
Minot,  Appendix,  1895,  pp.  475-6). 

132.  Tyrannus  tyrannus.     KINGBIRD. —  May  8  to  — . 

133.  Myiarchus  crinitus.     CRESTED  FLYCATCHER. —  May  8  to — . 

134.  Sayornis  phcebe.      PHOEBE. — April  5  to  October. 

135.  Nuttallornis    borealis.       OLIVE-SIDED      FLYCATCHER. —  Confined 
mdstly  to  the  mountainous  regions.     Po\vnall.     May  10  to — . 

136.  Horizopus  virens.     WOOD  PEWEE.  — May  to  late  Sept. 

137.  Empidonax  flaviventris.     YELLOW-BELLIED   FLYCATCHER. — A  not 
uncommon  summer  resident  in  Vermont.     May  25  to . 

Empidonax    virescens.      ACADIAN    FLYCATCHER.  —  A    southern 
species,  no  definite  record,  probably  synonymous  with  E.  minimus. 

138.  Empidonax  trailli  alnorum.     ALDER  FLYCATCHER. — Not  uncom- 
mon in  suitable  localities. 

139.  Empidonax  minimus.     LEAST  FLYCATCHER. —  May  10  to  Sept. 

140.  Otocorys   alpestris.     SHORE    LARK.  —  A   not   uncommon    winter 
visitant  principally  to  the  shores    of   Lake    Champlain,  Taftsville,    and 
elsewhere.     Prof.  Perkins'  last  two  paragraphs  refer  undoubtedly  to  the 
following  species. 

141.  Otocorys  alpestris  praticola.     PRAIRIE  HORNED  LARK. —  A  rare 
summer  resident,  also  rarely  occurring  in  winter.     Cornwall,  noted  April, 
1889,  P.  H.  Parkhill  (O.  &  6.,  Vol.  XIV,  1889,  p.  87).     Stowe,   observed  in 
1898,  and  nested  in  1901,  E.  C.  Straw  (Howell,  Auk,  1901,  p.  341).     Mt. 
Mansfield,  one  seen  June  19,  1897,  Dr.  Walter  Faxon.     St.  Albans,  nest 
taken  May  30,  1893,  G.  E.  Edson,  Rutland,  fledglings   noted  on  severa 
occasions,  Ross. 

142.  Cyanocitta  cristata.     BLUE  JAY. 

143.  Perisoreus  canadensis.     CANADA  JAY. —  Reported  in  summer  from 
Mt.  Mansfield  and  Somerset. 

144.  Corvus  corax.     RAVEN. —  Reported  from  Brandon  autumn  of  1879. 

145.  Corvus  americanus.     AMERICAN  CROW. 

Corvus  ossifragus.     FISH  CROW. — This  record  needs  confirmation- 

146.  Dolichonyx  orizivorus.     BOBOLINK. 

147.  Molothrus  ater.     COWBIRD.  —  Generally  uncommon.    One  winter 
record,  Dec.  36,    1883,  Taftsville,  which  I  have  been  unable  to  confirm. 

148.  Agelaius    phoeniceus.     RED-WINGED    BLACKBIRD. —  April    18    to 
October. 

149.  Sturnella   magna.     MEADOWLARK. — April    2  to — .     Winters  oc- 
casionally at  St.  Albans,  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  Woodsworth. 

150.  Icterus  spurius.     ORCHARD  ORIOLE. —  Confined  to  southernmost 
Vermont  where  there  are  no  actual  breeding  records.     Middlebnry,  two 
males  taken  June  i,  1882,  F.  H.  Knowlton,  Brattleboro,  recorded. 

151.  Icterus     galbula.       BALTIMORE     ORIOLE.  —  One    winter    record, 
Uxbridge,  one  taken  Dec.  4,   1884,  Taft.     (Rand.  Notes,  Vol.  II,  1885,  p. 
15).     (April  17)  May  14  to  Sept. 


REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT."  *7 

152.  Scolecophagus  carolinus.      RUSTY   GRACKLE. —  Not   uncommon. 
April  28  to — . 

Quiscalus  quiscula.  PURPLE  GRACKLE. — This  species  never  occurs 
as  far  north  as  Vermont. 

153.  Quiscalus    quiscula   aeneus..     BRONZED     GRACKLE. —  A    summer 
resident.     April  n  to  Oct. 

154.  Coccothraustesvespertinus.     EVENING  GROSBEAK. —  Visited  Ver- 
mont  during  the  famous    1890   flight.     Burlington,  about  a  dozen  were 
seen  about  Feb.  20,  1890,  by  W.  W.  Cooke.     (Auk,  1890,  p.  210.) 

155.  Pinicola    enucleator   leucura.       CANADIAN    PINE    GROSBEAK. — 
Probably  always  visits  northern  Vermont  in  varying  numbers  in  winter. 
Nov.  15  to  Mar.  24. 

156.  Carpodacus  purpureus.     PURPLE  FINCH. 

157.  Loxia  curvirostra  minor.     RED  CROSSBILL. —  Irregular  at  all  sea- 
sons.     Nested  at  Craftsbury,  and  Middlebury. 

158.  Loxia  leucoptera.     WHITE-WINGED  CROSSBILL. —  Two  nests  with 
young  are  said  to  have  been  taken  at  Lunenburg,  on  March  22,  1878,  by 
W.  E.  Balch.     Dr.  W.  Faxon  found  it  on  Mt.  Mansfield  on  June  20,  1897. 

159.  Acanthis  linaria.     REDPOLL.— Nov.  to  May  n. 

Acanthis  hornemannii  exilipes.  HOARY  REDPOLL. —  This  species 
on  present  evidence  does  not  deserve  enumeration.  A.  I.  rostrata  though 
unrecorded,  undoubtedly  occurs  in  late  winter. 

160.  Astragalinus   tristis.      GOLDFINCH. —  It  also  winters    not    uncom- 
monly. 

161.  Spinus  pinus.     PINE  SISKIN. — Has  been  found  nesting  in  Brattle- 
boro,  at-Hartland,  at  Rutland  where  a  nest  was  found  in  May,  1879  by 
D.  C.  Worcester,  and  is  recorded  from  Mt.  Mansfield  in  summer  (Howell) 
where  it  undoubtedly  breeds. 

162.  Plectrophenax  nivalis.     SNOW  BUNTING.  —  Irregular  in  numbers, 
but  not  in  occurrence.     Nov.  17  to — . 

163.  Calcarius    lapponicus.     LAPLAND    LONGSPUR.  —  Reported   from 
Totunskend  by  Evans,  but  only  positive  record  is  Brandon,  Feb.  21,  1879, 
F.  H.  Knowlton.     (Brandon  Union,  Feb.  10,  1882). 

164.  Pooecetes  gramineus.     VESPER  SPARROW.  — April  5  to  — . 

165.  Passerculus  sandwichensis    savanna.       SAVANNAH  SPARROW. 

1 66.  Ammodramus  savannarum  passerina.     GRASSHOPPER  SPARROW. 
—  Of    irregular    and    local    distribution.      Nested   at    Cornwall   in    1889, 
Pownall,  Brewster,  and   also  at  Stowe  in   1899,   Straw  (Howell).      Ver- 
gennes,  June,  1897,  W.  Faxon. 

167.  Ammodramus  henslowii.     HENSLOW'S    SPARROW.  —  A  local  spe- 
cies in  southern  Vermont.     Nested  at  Pownall  in   1883  (Brewster,  Auk, 
1884,  p.  7). 

Ammodramus  caudacutus.  SHARP-TAILED  SPARROW. —  Its  occur- 
rence needs  confirmation,  as  it  is  strictly  a  maritime  species. 

168.  Zonotrichia  leucophrys.     WHITE-CROWNED  SPARROW.  — It  is  said 
to  have  bred  at  Rutland  by  E.  H.  Boughton,  a  probable  error.     Oct.  4  to 
24. 


*  REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT." 

169.  Zonotrichia   albicollis.     WHITE-THROATED    SPARROW.  —  A  com- 
mon summer  resident  except  in  the  valley  country.  —  to  Oct.  24. 

170.  Spizella  monticola.      TREE    SPARROW. —  Only   a    winter   visitor. 
October  to  — . 

171.  Spizella  socialis.     CHIPPING  SPARROW. — April  16  to  Oct. 

172.  Spizella  pusilla.     FIELD  SPARROW. 

173.  Junco  hiemalis.     SNOWBIRD. 

174.  Melospiza    cinerea    melodia.       SONG    SPARROW. — Occasionally 
winters  in  southern  Vermont,  Brownsville,  where  I  found  at  least  one  Dec. 
26-31,  1901,  and  Taftsville,  Feb.  5,  1884,  C.  O.  Tracy.     March  7  to—. 

175.  Melospiza  lincolnii.     LINCOLN'S  FINCH.  —  A  not  uncommon  mi- 
grant, and  not  so  far  as  I  know  a  "summer  resident,"  though  it  would 
not  be  surprising  to  find  it  breeding  rarely  in  northern  portions  of  the 
State,  as  it  breeds  regularly  in  northern  New  York. 

176.  Melospiza  georgiana.     SWAMP  SPARROW. —  Local,  but  not  uncom- 
mon. 

177.  Passerella  iliaca.     Fox  SPARROW.  —  Oct.  14  to  30. 

178.  Passer  domesticus.    ENGLISH  SPARROW. — See  Introduced  Species. 

179.  Pipilo  erythrophthalmus.     TOWHEE.  —  May  24  to  Sept. 
Cardinalis  cardinalis.     CARDINAL.  —  Does  not  deserve  enumera- 
tion. 

180.  Zamelodia  ludoviciana.     ROSE-BREASTED  GROSBEAK. 

Guiraca  caerulea.     BLUE    GROSBEAK.  —  On  such  evidence  should 
not  be  included. 

181.  Passerina  cyanea.     INDIGOBIRD.  —  May  24  to  Sept. 

182.  Piranga  erythromelas.     SCARLET  TANAGER. 

Piranga  rubra.     SUMMER  TANAGER. — A  southern  species  for  which 
there  are  no  definite  records. 

183.  Progne  subis.     PURPLE  MARTIN. — A  summer  resident.     Dr.  C.  S. 
Whiteside  tells  me  that  this  and  four  following  species  beside  the  Chimney 
Swift  roost  from  late  June  to  September  in  enormous  numbers  on  Gull  or 
Cedar  Island  in  Lake  Champlain.     May  i  to — . 

184.  Petrochelidon  lunifrons.     EAVE  SWALLOW. —  May  3  to — . 

185.  Hirundo  erythrogastra.     BARN  SWALLOW. —  Apr.  25  to — . 

1 86.  Tachycineta  bicolor.     WHITE-BREASTED  SWALLOW. 

187.  Clivicola  riparia.     BANK  SWALLOW. —  Local.     May  5  to — . 

188.  Stelgidopteryx   serripennis.     ROUGH-WINGED    SWALLOW. —  White 
River  Junction,  pair  noted,  J.  N.  Clark  (Auk,  1902,  p.  93).     West  Danville, 
June  n,  1901,  Clark. 

189.  Ampelis  cedrorum.      CEDARBIRD. —  A  summer  resident.      Occa- 
sional in  winter  in  southern  Vermont. 

190.  Ampelis  garrulus.     BOHEMIAN  WAXWING. — A  rare  straggler  from 
the  north.     The  only  definite  instances  are,  Burlington,  flocks  Nov.   25, 
1882  and  Jan.  21,  1883,  F.  H.  Herrick.     St.  Albans,  Februarys,  1898  and 
1899,  flocks,  Woodworth. 

191.  Lanius  borealis.       NORTHERN     SHRIKE.  — Not   known  to   breed 
within  the  United  States.  * 


REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT."  19 

Lanius  ludovicianus.  LOGGERHEAD  SHRIKE. —  This  and  the  fol- 
lowing species  are  here  synonymous  with  L.  I.  migrans. 

Lanius  ludovicianus  excubitorides.     WHITE-RUMPED  SHRIKE. 

192.  Lanius  ludovicianus  migrans.     MIGRANT  SHRIKE. — A  local  sum- 
mer resident.     Nested  at  Rutland,  1878,  and  Mr.  Ross  reports  eight  pairs 
breeding  within  eight  miles  of  the  city.     Castleton,  1876  (Proc.  B.  S.  N. 
H.  Vol.  XX,  1879,  pp.  263,  266-7),  Brandon  1881,  Cornwall  in   1889  (O.  & 
O.  Vol.  XIV,  89,  p.  150,  Parkhill),  Stowe,  1896-7-8,  Straw  (Howell,  Auk, 
1901,  p.  343).     Reported  from  Townshend  on  March  3,  1893,  Evans. 

193.  Vireo  olivaceus.     RED-EYED  VIREO. 

194.  Vireo  Philadelphia.      PHILADELPHIA  VIREO. —  There  are  only  two 
definite  records,  Pittsford,  a  female  taken  Sept.  n,  1889,  F.  H.  Hitchcock 
(Auk,  1890,  p.  403).     Bread  Loaf,  Addison  Co.    $   taken  Sept.   19,  1900, 
C.  B.  Isham  (Auk,  1902,  p.  88). 

195.  Vireo  gilvus.     WARBLING   VIREO. — The  distribution  of  this  and 
the  following  species  is  uncertain.     Reported  from  East  Bethel,  Stowe, 
Ludiow,  and  Vergennes,  Londonderry,  June,  '95,   F.   H.  Allen,   St.  Al- 
bans,  St.  Johnsbury,  Rutland,  Townshend,  and  Johnson. 

196.  Vireo  flavifrons.      YELLOW-THROATED  VIREO. —  Rare.     Reported 
from  Windsor,  Vergennes,  St.   Albans,  Rutland,  St.  Johnsbury,  Johnson 
and  East  Bethel. 

197.  Vireo   solitarius.       SOLITARY   VIREO.  —  Not  uncommon   summer 
resident. 

198.  Vireo    noveboracensis.     WHITE-EYED    VIREO. —  Towns/tend,  one 
taken  spring  1893,  Evans,  only  positive  record  I  can  secure.     St.  Johnsbury, 
May  5,  1900,  Clark. (?) 

199.  Mniotilta  varia      BLACK  AND  WHITE  CREEPER. —  Common. 
Protonotaria  citrea.     PROTHRONOTARY  WARBLER. —  There  are  no 

records  I  consider  positively  authentic  for  this  southern  species. 

200.  Helmitherus     vermivorus.       WORM-EATING    WARBLER. —  There 
is  one  in  the  Edson  collection  taken  at  St.  Albans. 

Helmithophila  pinus.  BLUE-WINGED  WARBLER. — These  records 
need  confirmation. 

Helminthophila  chrysoptera.  GOLDEN-WINGED  WARBLER. —  No 
absolute  record. 

201.  Helmithophila  rubricapilla.      NASHVILLE   WARBLER. —  Common. 

202.  Helminthophila    peregrina.      TENNESSEE   WARBLER. —  There   is 
no  definite  data  on  this  species,  beyond  it  being  reported  by  Evans  at 
Townshend,  where  it  is  said  to  have  remained  summers  1899,  1900,  and  at 
Rutland  by  Ross. 

203.  Compsothlypis  americana  usnese.    NORTHERN  PARULA  WARBLER. 

204.  Dendrceca  tigrina.     CAPE  MAY  WARBLER. — A  rare  migrant.     Mr. 
Ross  assures  me  that  in  1888  he  positively  identified  parents  feeding  young 
on  Mt.  Killington. 

205.  Dendrceca  caerulescens.     BLACK-THROATED  BLUE  WARBLER. 

206.  Dendrceca  aestiva.    YELLOW  WARBLER. —  Of  peculiar  distribution  ; 


2O  REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT." 

found  along  the  streams  and  on  the  islands  in  Lake  Champlain.     Rare  in 
northern  Vermont. 

207.  Dendrceca   coronata.      YELLOW-RUMPED   WARBLER. —  Wintering, 
records  need  confirmation.     Nests  on  Mt.  Mansfield. —  to  Oct.  16. 

208.  Dendrceca  maculosa.   BLACK  AND  YELLOW  WARBLER. —  Common. 

209.  Dendrceca  pennsilvanica.      CHESTNUT-SIDED   WARBLER. —  Com- 
mon if  not  abundant. 

210.  Dendrceca   castanea.      BAY-BREASTED     WARBLER. —  Reported   at 
Townshend  summer  1901,  though  not  actually  found  breeding,  Evans. 

211.  Dendrceca  striata.     BLACK-POLL  WARBLER.—  Breeds  on  Mt.  Mans- 
field, Killington,  Stratton,  June  1895,  F.  H  .  Allen. 

212.  Dendrceca  blackburniae. —  BLACKBURNIAN  WARBLER. 
Dendrceca   dominica.     YELLOW-THROATED   WARBLER. —  Dr.  Cut- 
ting records  shooting  one  in  Lunenbtirg  1878.     Until  another  capture  is 
made  the  species  should  be  left  unenumerated. 

213.  Dendrceca  virens.     BLACK-THROATED  GREEN  WARBLER. 

214.  Dendrceca    vigorsii.        PINE     WARBLER.  —  A  very  local  summer 
resident.     Mr.  Evans   writes   me   he   has  only   seen    one  at  Townshend. 
Saxton's  river,  Bellows  Fall,  R.  Hoffmann.     Bradford,  not  rare  in  1895, 
Mrs.  S.  A.  Hubbard. 

215.  Dendrceca  palmarum.     PALM  WARBLER. 

216.  Dendrceca  palmarum  hypochrysea.     YELLOW  PALM  WARBLER. 
Dendrceca  discolor.     PRAIRIE  WARBLER. —  The  only  record  for  the 

State  is  one  said  to  have  been  taken  in  Uxbridge,  Dec.  4,  1884,  A.  R.  Taft 
(Rand.  Notes,  VoL  II,  1885,  p.  15). 

217.  Siurus  aurocapillus.     OVENBIRD. —  Common. 

218.  Siurus  noveboracensis.     WATER  THRUSH. —  Confined  as  a  summer 
resident  to  northern  Vermont. 

Geothlypis  formosa.  KENTUCKY  WARBLER. —  One  said  to  have 
been  "noted  "  at  Taftsville,  July  19,  1885,  C.  O.  Tracy,  (O.  &  O.,  Vol.  X, 
1885,  p.  10). 

219.  Geothlypis  agilis.     CONNECTICUT  WARBLER. — Nesting  needs  con- 
firmation.    Not  uncommon  autumn  migrant.     Mr.  Ross  writes  me  Prof. 
Perkins  misquoted  him  ;   he  referred  to  G.  Philadelphia  as  a  rare  summer 
resident.     One  spring  instance,  Rutland,  April  24,  1879,  Herrick,  which 
must  be  doubted,  Sept.  30. 

220.  Geothlypis  Philadelphia.     MOURNING  WARBLER.  —  A  not  uncom- 
mon  summer   resident  as  far  south  as   Londonderry   and   Townshend. 
to  Sept.  20. 

221.  Geothlypis  trichas  brachidactyla.   NORTHERN  MARYLAND-THROAT. 

222.  Icteria  virens.     YELLOW-BREASTED  CHAT. —  Summer  resident  in 
southernmost  Vermont.     Pownall,  June  16,  1896.    W.  Faxon  &  Hoffmann. 

Wilsonia  mitrata.  HOODED  WARBLER. —  Record  needs  confirma- 
tion. 

223.  Wilsonia   pusilla.     WILSON'S   WARBLER.  —  Probably  only  a  mi- 
grant:  not  uncommon.     Aug.  24  to — . 


REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT."  21 

224.  Wilsonia  canadensis.     CANADIAN  WARBLER. —  Common. 

225.  Setophaga  ruticilla.     REDSTART. —  Common. 

226.  Anthus  pennsilvanicus.     PIPIT. 

227.  Mimus  polyglottos.     MOCKINGBIRD. —  Accidental  from  the  south. 

228.  Galeoscoptes  carolinensis.     CATBIRD. 

229.  Harporrhynchus  rufus.     BROWN  THRASHER. 

Thryothorus  ludovicianus.    CAROLINA  WREN. — No  definite  record. 
Bennington?,  Cutting. 

230.  Hylemathrous  aedon.      HOUSE  WREN. 

231.  Troglodytes  hiemalis.     WINTER    WREN. — Not  uncommon  sum- 
mer resident  in  the  mountainous  regions.     I  took  one  at  West  Bridge- 
water  on  Dec.  30,  1901. 

232.  Cistothorus  palustris.     LONG-BILLED  MARSH  WREN. 

2   3.    Certhia  familiaris  americana.     BROWN   CREEPER.  —  Not  uncom- 
monly met  with  in  winter. 

234.  Sitta  carolinensis.     WHITE-BREASTED  NUTHATCH. 

235.  Sitta   canadensis.       CANADA    NUTHATCH.  —  Breeds    not   uncom- 
monly. 

Parus  bicolor.     TUFTED  TITMOUSE. —  An  evident  error.     A  south- 
ern species. 

236.  Parus  hudsonicus.     HUDSONIAN  CHICKADEE. —  A  winter  visitant 
and  resident.     It  has  been   found  breeding  at  Sutton  (Faxon,  Auk,  1890, 
p.  407-8),  at  Mt.  Stratton,  June,  1895,  Allen,  and  was  included  in  Thomp- 
son's 1842  List. 

237.  Parus  atncapillus.     CHICKADEE. 

238.  Regulus  satrapa.     GOLDEN-CROWNED  KINGLET. —  Breeds. 

239.  Regulus  calendula.     RUBY-CROWNED  KINGLET. —  Has  never  been 
known  to  breed  in  the  State,  Mr.  Ross  writes  me  his  reporting  it  to  Prof. 
Perkins  as  a  summer  resident  was  an  error. 

Polioptila   caerulea.     BLUE  GRAY   GNATCATCHER.  —  Included  by 
Dr.  Cutting  on  no  definite  record. 

240.  Hylocichla  mustelina.    WOOD  THRUSH. —  Locally  not  uncommon. 
May  10  to  — . 

241.  Hylocichla   fuscescens.      WILSON'S     THRUSH.      Very    common. 
(April  14)  to . 

242.  Hylocichla  aliciae.     ALICE'S  THRUSH.  —  Only  a  migrant,  does  not 
breed  within  the  United  States. 

243.  Hylocichla   aliciae   bicknelli.     BICKNELL'S    THRUSH. —  Breeds   on 
Mt.  Mansfield,  Jay  Peak,  Mt.  Killington,  and  Pico  Peak,  and  undoubtedly 
on  Mt.  Annanance  and  other  peaks  over  3,000  feet. 

244.  Hylocichla  ustulata  swainsonii.   OLIVE-BACKED  THRUSH. — Breeds 
only  in  mountainous  regions. 

245.  Hylocichla  guttala  pallasii.     HERMIT  THRUSH. — Londonderry. 

246.  Merula  migratoria.     AMERICAN  ROBIN. — Mar.  16  to  — . 

247.  Sialia  sialis.     BLUEBIRD. —  Mar.  26  to  Oct.  16. 


REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT." 

EXTIRPATED  SPECIES. 

1.  Meleagris  gallapavo.     WILD  TURKEY. 

2.  Grus  americanus.     WHOOPING  CRANE. 

3.  Grus  mexicanus.     SANDHILL  CRANE. 

INTRODUCED  SPECIES.* 

Colinus   virginianus.     BOB-WHITE. —Introduced   from   Tennessee 
and  the  West. 

1.  Pediocetes  phasianellus.     SHARP-TAILED  GROUSE. 

2.  Phasianus    torquatus.      RING-NECKED     PHEASANT."— This    is    the 
species,  commonly  introduced. 

3.  Tetraogallus  capercialli.     CAPERCIALLI. 

4.  Tetrao  tetrix.     BLACK  GAME. 

5.  Passer  domesticus.     ENGLISH  SPARROW. 


RECAPITULATION. 

Species,  220        ") 

Subspecies,  27    /  *»:*,;"-.•    247 

Extirpated  Species      r*=  v    •»•  -  .-••-    -...>.,  ..?  .•./;„  ;  ,-  .  i,.  .      .  3 

Introduced  Species       .         . ,  ij      •  5 

Total,  255.     Total  Prof.  Perkins'  List       '.,  : •  -.     ,.•>;., i:  .  -,.  .  *;>v.  -T         266 

Species  added,  14          ) 

Subspecies  added,  2      / 

New  species  mentioned  but  not  enumerated      .         .         .         .         .  n 

Species  expunged.,  27  ) 

Subspecies  expunged,  3        ) 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Although  I  have  collected  some  seventy-five  headings  on  Vermont  birds 
I  have  space  here  only  to  cite  the  titles  of  faunal  lists. 
1794.    Williams,  Samuel.     Birds  [of  Vermont]  <The  Natural  and  Civil 

History  of  Vermont.     Walpole,  N.  H.  pp.  111-120. 
1809.    Williams,  S.     Birds.  <The  Natural  and  Civil  History  of  Vermont. 

Burlington,  Vt.     Vol.  I,  Chap.  VI,  pp.  134-146. 
1842.    Thompson,  Zadock.     Birds  of  Vermont.     <History  of  Vermont, 

etc.     Part  I,  Chap.  Ill,  pp.  56-112.     The  best  early  list. 
1853.    Thompson,   Zadock.     Birds   of  Vermont.     <History  of    Vermont, 
etc.      Burlington,  Part  I,  Chap.  Ill,  pp.  56-112    and  Appendix   pp. 
20-28.     Appendix  also  printed  separately. 

*  See  Osprey,  Vol.  IV,  1899,  p.  30. 


REVIEW  OF  PERKINS'  "BIRDS  OF  VERMONT."  23 

1871-2.  Goodhue,  Daniel.  Catalogue  of,  and  observations  on  the  Birds 
of  Vermont.  <Archives  of  Sci.  &  Trans.  Orleans  Co.  Soc.  of  Nat. 
Sci.  Vol.  I,  No.  3,  Apr.  pp.  102-105,  l87J>  No-  5»  Oct.  pp.  171-174, 
1872,  Newport.  Also  Mclndoe  Falls,  1870.  Unfinished,  only  eigh- 
teen species  treated. 

1876.  Briggs,  W.  A.  and  R.  [List  of  resident  and  winter  birds  of  Mont- 
pelier,  and  notes  from  Addison  Co.]  <Forest  and  Stream,  Vol.  VI, 
Mar.  23,  p.  100. 

1876.  Robinson,  R.  E.  Spring  birds  of  [Addison  Co.]  Vermont.  <For- 
est  and  Stream,  Vol.  VI,  June,  p.  318. 

1878.  Knowlton,  Frank  H.  A  partial  list  of  the  birds  of  Brandon,  Vt. 
<The  Brandon  Union,  Dec.  13. 

1882.  Knowlton,  F.  H.  A  revised  list  of  the  birds  of  Brandon,  Vt.,  and 
vicinity.  <The  Brandon  Union,  Feb.  10.  A  carefully  annotated 
list. 

1884.  Cutting,  Hiram  A.  Catalogue  of  the  birds  of  Vermont.  <Lec- 
tures  on  Milk,  etc.  Montpelier,  pp.  17-35.  Untrustworthy. 

1891.  Worthen,  T.  W.  D.  A  list  of  the  Vertebrate  found  within  thirty 
miles  of  Hanover,  N.  H.,  pp.  59-81,  with  map.  Separate  pp.  1-29. 
Untrustworthy  and  useless. 

1896.  Allen,  Francis  H.  Summer  birds  of  Willoughby  Lake.  <The 
St.  Johnsbury  Caledonian,  Sept.  n.  A  trustworthy  and  carefully 
annotated  list. 

1899.  Edson,  George  Edward.  Birds  of  Vermont.  <The  Vermonter, 
Vol.  V,  No.  2,  Sept.  pp.  23-27.  Four  illustrations.  An  unanno- 
tated  list,  with  a  careful  introduction.  Species  mentioned  are 
almost  without  exception  in  the  author's  collection. 

1901.  Grout,  Annie  L.  Birds  of  Brattleboro.  <Vermont  Phoenix,  Jan. 
4,  p.  2.  Unannotated. 

1901.  Howell,  Arthur  H.  A  preliminary  list  of  the  summer  birds  of 
Mount  Mansfield,  Vermont.  <The  Auk,  Vol.  XVIII,  No.  4,  Oct. 
pp.  337-347.  A  trustworthy  and  carefully  annotated  list. 

1901.  Perkins,  George  H.  and  Clifton  D.  Howe.  A  preliminary  of  the 
birds  found  in  Vermont.  Separate,  pp.  1-34,  published  Dec.  24, 
1900.  Also  published,  Jan.  15,  1902,  in  the  Twenty-first  Annual 
Report  State  Board  of  Agriculture  for  roxn,  pp.  85-118. 

My  thanks  are  especially  due  to  Prof.  Perkins  for  much  kind 
aid  and  also  to  Drs.  Walter  Faxon  and  G.  S.  Whiteside,  Messrs. 
F.  H.  Allen,  G.  H.  Ross,  A.  P.  Howell,  J.  B.  Ham,  C.  H.  Evans, 
R.  Hoffmann,  Miss  M.  E.  Ide,  Mrs.  Nelly  Hart  Woodworth  and 
others. 


ERRATA. 

79.  Phalacrocorax  auritus. — The  bird  recorded  from  Windsor  was  taken 
on  the  Connecticut  River  at  Hartland  in  October,  1897. 

61.  Recurvirostra  americana. —  Mr.  Edson  writes  me  a  pair  with  young 
came  to  St.  Albans  with  Yellow-legs  and  Golden  Plover  in  the  autumn 
of  1875.  He  also  mentions  the  species  as  occurring  in  1890. 

no.  Cryptoglaux  t.  richardsonii. —  Mr.  Brewster  writes  me  that  the 
specimen  recorded  here  from  Windsor  was  taken  in  Cornish,  N.  H.,  in  the 
autumn  or  early  winter  about  1890. 

200.  Helmitherus  vermivorus. —  The  St.  Albans  specimen  was  shot 
by  J.  N.  Gorron  in  1891. 

245.    Hylocichla  guttala  pallasii,  read  Hylocichla  guttata  pallasii. 


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